Human diseases unit 1-3

Size ratio

1 Eukaryotic cell = 1000 bacteria cells = 8 billion viruses

Capsule

Allows bacteria cells to survive harsh environments and detection from immune systems.

Bacteria Pili

Pili is the surface like hairs on the surface of a bacteria cell. It helps bacteria

• stick to surfaces

• Attach to host cells, & are hard to remove.

• Form a biofilm

• Facilitate the transfer of genetic material

Enveloped virus 

A virus with an outer membrane that buds off host cell.

Naked virus

No outer membrane that bursts out of host cell.

Virus genomes

Are made up of DNA and RNA

Virus life cycle

• Attack – The virus attacks a host cell by attaching itself to the cell's surface.

• Entry – It then gains entry into the cell by injecting its genetic material.

• Hijack – Inside, the virus hijacks the cell's machinery to make copies of itself.

• Exit – Finally, the new viruses exit the cell, often destroying it, and go on to infect more cells.

Intestinal Epithelial function 

Physical Barrier

Skin Function

Physical barrier 

Defensins

Destroy pathogens membrane

Mucus

Has the ability to trap pathogens and destroy them with enzymes.

Tears

Functions in “washing away” pathogens, and also contains pathogens that break them down. 

Stomach Acid

Destroys pathogens with low Ph

Commensal Bacteria

Outcompete with invaders in the immune system. 

Cholera

Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by bacteria. It is typically spread through contaminated water or food. 

Lyme disease

A bacterial infection caused by tics. The 3 stages are

• Bulls eye rash

• Bells Palsy

• Chronic inflammation of nerves

Correlation

A Linear relationship between 2 or more variables.

Causation

Shows the cause and effect.

Antonine Plague

A disease spread in ancient Rome that spread fastly due to close proximity and no protection.

Bubonic plauge

The spread of disease in euroasia vie fleas that infected ships.

Smallpox and measles

Europeans used this as biological warfare against natives

HIV

A disease spread bodily fluids, unprotected sex and misconceptions.

Koch’s 4 postulates

• Association- All infected must have specific specimen.

• Isolation- Must be grown in a lab.

• Causation- Must cause disease in healthy animal.

• Re-isolation- When pathogen is re-isolated, it must be the same as the original.