AP CSP Big Ideas 1,2,3,4

midterm

Computational Thinking

A problem-solving method using computer science techniques, where possible solutions are developed and presented in a way that can be understood by humans and computers.

Procedural abstraction

A process that allows a procedure to be used only knowing what it does, not how it does it.

Algorithm

A sequence of logical instructions for carrying out a task.

Abstraction

The process of separating and filtering out ideas and specific details that are not needed in order to concentrate on those that are needed.

Decomposition

The breaking down of a system into smaller parts that are easier to understand, program, and maintain.

Pattern Recognition

Finding similarities and patterns in order to solve complex problems more efficiently.

Computing Device

A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.

Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

Computing Network

A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Path

The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

Protocol

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system.

IP Address

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

Internet Protocol (IP)

A protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device.

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail.

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures.

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet.

Internet

A computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network.

Packet Metadata

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message.

Routing

The process of finding a path from sender to receiver.

UDP

A protocol used on the internet for fast transmission of information but with minimal error checking.

TCP

A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files.

Certificate authority

Issue digital certificates that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications.

Domain Name System (DNS)

The system responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses.

Scalability

The capacity of a system to change in size and scale to meet new demands.

Datastream

Information passed through the Internet in packets.

Program Statement

A command or instruction.

Program

A collection of program statements.

Sequential Programming

Program statements run in order, from top to bottom.

Event Driven Programming

Some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press.

Documentation

A written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.

Comment

Form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people.

Debugging

Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.

Development process

The steps or phases used to create a piece of software.

Expression

A combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value.

Assignment Operator

Allows a program to change the value represented by a variable.

Variable

A named reference to a value that can be used repeatedly throughout a program.

String

An ordered sequence of characters.

Boolean Value

A data type that is either true or false.

Comparison Operators

indicate a Boolean expression: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=

Logical operator

NOT, AND, and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value.

Conditional Statement

Affect the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a Boolean expression.

Index

A common method for referencing the iteration in a loop.

Iteration

A repetitive portion of an algorithm which repeats a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.

Infinite loop

Occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true.

Object oriented programming

centered around creating and using models of physical or imagined objects

Class

template for objects; A unit of code that works together; the name of a class defines what it does

defined by the keywords (words that can’t be used in variables) public and class

Object

an instance of a class. For example, if “people” is a class, objects of “people” can be a unique instance of a class, such as a person with a unique name, age, gender, and city.

Attributes

variables, a characteristic of an object

Behaviors

methods, actions that an object can perform

High level programming languages

using abstraction to hide many insignificant details, complexity and facilitate organization.

Java Programming Structure

You (the programmer) write Java source code in a plain text file that is saved with a .java extension. This is then fed into the java compiler. The compiler converts the source code into binary bytecodes. The binary bytecodes are then stored into a file with a .class extension. To run the program, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) interprets the bytecodes in the .class file. As the program executes, the JVM translates the bytecodes into the machine language of the computer on which the program is running.

Main Method

A method of code that performs one or more actions; indicates where the main program starts for the JVM

Blocks

Subsections of code; curly brackets mark the start and end of blocks

Statements

Perform the work of the program, calculations and outputting

Comments

//, makes text ignored by the compiler and is a good way to communicate with yourself and other programmers

White Space

Separates keywords from other code, can be a space, \t or \n

Interpreter

another name for the JVM

Machine Language

The language that the interpreter (JVM) interprets in

Instantaniaton

the process of making an object

Syntax

Requirements for the compiler to understand and compile the code

Case sensitivity

main method; programs entry point

Class names

uppercase starting letter

Method Names

lower case starting letter

Compiler

Converts source code from the .java extension into bytecode to a .class extension

Integrated Development Equipment

A bundle that makes it easier for the programmer to code

Includes a compiler, interpreter, tools for debugging, tools for programming and building large programs

Java Development Kit (JDK)

Provides the necessary libraries, compiler and JVM needed to complete java code

public static void main (String[]args)

public for declaring its a public method and anyone can use it; static for declaring that the method is designed to be used without creating an object; main for calling with a class name since theres no object to make an object reference

Compiler error/Syntax error

When the compiler finds incorrect syntax in the src code; No curly brace etc..

Runtime error

When the program stops when an attempt is made to run; Div by 0, no static in the main method

Logic error

Incorrect algorithm or faulty code, Calculations are incorrect, Expected output is incorrect, infinite loop

User error

As a result of incorrect action of the person using the program; user is asked to enter a number from 1

flight reacts

ansel lee