Bio Midterm

bulk trasnport

Larger molecules and clumps of material can
also be actively transported across the cell membrane. Sometimes involves changes in the shape of the cell membrane.

Endocytosis

Vesicles from cell membrane moving particles inside cell, part of bulk transport

Excosytosis

Vesicles moving from inside a cell to outside, by bulk transport

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.
EX: Bacteria in human cells taken in and destroyed through forming a vesicle

3 types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, moves LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration(Moves only water)

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Does diffusion travel long or short distances

Really short distances

Hypertonic solution

Water will leave the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on outside

Isotonic solution

Equilibrium between inside and outside of cell, solute concentration equal on outside and inside

Hypotonic solution

Water will enter the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on inside of cell

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference, molecules moves against the concentration gradient(LOW concentration to and area of HIGH concentration)

Phosopholipids

Primary structural component of cellular membrane. head is hydrophilic. tail is hydrophobic

channel proteins

proteins that provide passageways through the membrane(changes shape)

carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane(uses energy to change shape)

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

transmembrane protein

An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer.

cholesterol molecule

-helps stabilize the phospholipids
-prevents the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking together

aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell

Macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Sacharides are

carbs

Peptides are

proteins

Glycerides are

lipid esters

Carbohydrates

Found in starch, glucose main energy source, stored in liver and muscles, Quick energy.

elements found in carbohydrates

C, H, O

elements found in proteins

CHON

elements found in lipids

C, H, O

elements found in nucleic acid

C, H, O, N, P

Proteins

amino acids, simplest form of amino acids, can wok as enzymes

protein primary structure

protein secondary structure

protein tertiary structure

protein quaternary structure

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats and oils, long term energy, highest amount of energy,

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

dehydration synthesis

monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

how to convert from calories to kilocalories

divide by 1,000

Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Plasmids

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface

Flagellum

A long, hair like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

Pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Protein factory

Smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Lipid factory also Storage and removes harmful substances

Golgi apparatus

"Post office" of the cell Made from membranes Packages proteins in vesicles before sending it to its destination

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts(only in Animal cells)

Plasma membrane

Acts as a barrier between inside and outside. Provides structure/protection. Decides what comes in and goes out

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Amyloplasts

Synthesizes starch

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria

Cellular respiration

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

Denaturation

loses/changes shape

How does low temperature affect enzymes.

the substrate moves too slow and enzyme doesn’t work

How does high temperature affect enzymes.

the enzyme denatures

Co-Factors

Some enzymes need a co-factor, Helps the enzyme to do its job

Enzyme Inhibition

Enzymes can stop working or work slower when an inhibitor is present, Inhibitors are “impostors” that bind to the active site and stops the substrate from binding

Photosynthesis equation

CO2+H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

Where does Photosynthesis happen?

Happens in the chloroplast

Where does Cellular Respiration happen?

Happens in the mitochondria in between the “folds” of the inner and outer membrane

Opposite of Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Where does most of the ATP in a leaf made?

electron transport chain

monomer Protein are called

Amino Acids

How does surface area and volume affect diffusion

As the surface area of the membrane increases, the rate of diffusion also increases, but a smaller cell will diffuse faster because it has less volume a larger surface area compared to larger cells