Bio Midterm

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bulk trasnport

Larger molecules and clumps of material can also be actively transported across the cell membrane. Sometimes involves changes in the shape of the cell membrane.

<p>Larger molecules and clumps of material can also be actively transported across the cell membrane. Sometimes involves changes in the shape of the cell membrane.</p>
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Endocytosis

Vesicles from cell membrane moving particles inside cell, part of bulk transport

<p>Vesicles from cell membrane moving particles inside cell, part of bulk transport</p>
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Excosytosis

Vesicles moving from inside a cell to outside, by bulk transport

<p>Vesicles moving from inside a cell to outside, by bulk transport</p>
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Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. EX: Bacteria in human cells taken in and destroyed through forming a vesicle

<p>process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. EX: Bacteria in human cells taken in and destroyed through forming a vesicle</p>
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3 types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, moves LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration(Moves only water)

<p>Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, moves LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration(Moves only water)</p>
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Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

<p>Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.</p>
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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

<p>Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels</p>
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Does diffusion travel long or short distances

Really short distances

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Hypertonic solution

Water will leave the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on outside

<p>Water will leave the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on outside</p>
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Isotonic solution

Equilibrium between inside and outside of cell, solute concentration equal on outside and inside

<p>Equilibrium between inside and outside of cell, solute concentration equal on outside and inside</p>
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Hypotonic solution

Water will enter the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on inside of cell

<p>Water will enter the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on inside of cell</p>
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active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference, molecules moves against the concentration gradient(LOW concentration to and area of HIGH concentration)

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Phosopholipids

Primary structural component of cellular membrane. head is hydrophilic. tail is hydrophobic

<p>Primary structural component of cellular membrane. head is hydrophilic. tail is hydrophobic</p>
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channel proteins

proteins that provide passageways through the membrane(changes shape)

<p>proteins that provide passageways through the membrane(changes shape)</p>
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carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane(uses energy to change shape)

<p>a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane(uses energy to change shape)</p>
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peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

<p>The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.</p>
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glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

<p>A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.</p>
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transmembrane protein

An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer.

<p>An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer.</p>
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cholesterol molecule

-helps stabilize the phospholipids -prevents the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking together

<p>-helps stabilize the phospholipids -prevents the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking together</p>
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aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell

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Macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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Sacharides are

carbs

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Peptides are

proteins

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Glycerides are

lipid esters

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Carbohydrates

Found in starch, glucose main energy source, stored in liver and muscles, Quick energy.

<p>Found in starch, glucose main energy source, stored in liver and muscles, Quick energy.</p>
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elements found in carbohydrates

C, H, O

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elements found in proteins

CHON

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elements found in lipids

C, H, O

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elements found in nucleic acid

C, H, O, N, P

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Proteins

amino acids, simplest form of amino acids, can wok as enzymes

<p>amino acids, simplest form of amino acids, can wok as enzymes</p>
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protein primary structure

knowt flashcard image
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protein secondary structure

knowt flashcard image
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protein tertiary structure

knowt flashcard image
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protein quaternary structure

knowt flashcard image
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Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats and oils, long term energy, highest amount of energy,

<p>Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats and oils, long term energy, highest amount of energy,</p>
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nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

<p>DNA and RNA</p>
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dehydration synthesis

monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

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Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

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Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

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Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

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how to convert from calories to kilocalories

divide by 1,000

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Nucleoid

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

<p>A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.</p>
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Plasmids

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

<p>small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome</p>
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Capsule

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface

<p>A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface</p>
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Flagellum

A long, hair like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

<p>A long, hair like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.</p>
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Pili

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

<p>Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA</p>
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Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

<p>A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction</p>
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Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Protein factory

<p>That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Protein factory</p>
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Smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Lipid factory also Storage and removes harmful substances

<p>That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Lipid factory also Storage and removes harmful substances</p>
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Golgi apparatus

"Post office" of the cell Made from membranes Packages proteins in vesicles before sending it to its destination

<p>&quot;Post office&quot; of the cell Made from membranes Packages proteins in vesicles before sending it to its destination</p>
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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

<p>Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production</p>
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Ribosomes

Makes proteins

<p>Makes proteins</p>
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Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts(only in Animal cells)

<p>Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts(only in Animal cells)</p>
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Plasma membrane

Acts as a barrier between inside and outside. Provides structure/protection. Decides what comes in and goes out

<p>Acts as a barrier between inside and outside. Provides structure/protection. Decides what comes in and goes out</p>
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Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

<p>A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended</p>
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Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

<p>Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell</p>
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Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

<p>Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates</p>
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Cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

<p>A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.</p>
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Amyloplasts

Synthesizes starch

<p>Synthesizes starch</p>
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Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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Eukaryote

an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria

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Cellular respiration

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

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Denaturation

loses/changes shape

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How does low temperature affect enzymes.

the substrate moves too slow and enzyme doesn’t work

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How does high temperature affect enzymes.

the enzyme denatures

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Co-Factors

Some enzymes need a co-factor, Helps the enzyme to do its job

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Enzyme Inhibition

Enzymes can stop working or work slower when an inhibitor is present, Inhibitors are “impostors” that bind to the active site and stops the substrate from binding

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Photosynthesis equation

CO2+H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

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Where does Photosynthesis happen?

Happens in the chloroplast

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Where does Cellular Respiration happen?

Happens in the mitochondria in between the “folds” of the inner and outer membrane

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Opposite of Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

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Where does most of the ATP in a leaf made?

electron transport chain

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monomer Protein are called

Amino Acids

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How does surface area and volume affect diffusion

As the surface area of the membrane increases, the rate of diffusion also increases, but a smaller cell will diffuse faster because it has less volume a larger surface area compared to larger cells

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