bulk trasnport
Larger molecules and clumps of material can also be actively transported across the cell membrane. Sometimes involves changes in the shape of the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
Vesicles from cell membrane moving particles inside cell, part of bulk transport
Excosytosis
Vesicles moving from inside a cell to outside, by bulk transport
Phagocytosis
process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell. EX: Bacteria in human cells taken in and destroyed through forming a vesicle
3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, moves LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration(Moves only water)
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Does diffusion travel long or short distances
Really short distances
Hypertonic solution
Water will leave the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on outside
Isotonic solution
Equilibrium between inside and outside of cell, solute concentration equal on outside and inside
Hypotonic solution
Water will enter the cell to create equilibrium, higher solute concentration on inside of cell
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference, molecules moves against the concentration gradient(LOW concentration to and area of HIGH concentration)
Phosopholipids
Primary structural component of cellular membrane. head is hydrophilic. tail is hydrophobic
channel proteins
proteins that provide passageways through the membrane(changes shape)
carrier proteins
a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane(uses energy to change shape)
peripheral proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
glycoprotein
A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.
transmembrane protein
An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer.
cholesterol molecule
-helps stabilize the phospholipids -prevents the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking together
aquaporin
water channel protein in a cell
Macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Sacharides are
carbs
Peptides are
proteins
Glycerides are
lipid esters
Carbohydrates
Found in starch, glucose main energy source, stored in liver and muscles, Quick energy.
elements found in carbohydrates
C, H, O
elements found in proteins
CHON
elements found in lipids
C, H, O
elements found in nucleic acid
C, H, O, N, P
Proteins
amino acids, simplest form of amino acids, can wok as enzymes
protein primary structure
protein secondary structure
protein tertiary structure
protein quaternary structure
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats and oils, long term energy, highest amount of energy,
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
dehydration synthesis
monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
how to convert from calories to kilocalories
divide by 1,000
Nucleoid
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Plasmids
small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
Capsule
A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface
Flagellum
A long, hair like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
Pili
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Protein factory
Smooth ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Lipid factory also Storage and removes harmful substances
Golgi apparatus
"Post office" of the cell Made from membranes Packages proteins in vesicles before sending it to its destination
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Lysosomes
Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts(only in Animal cells)
Plasma membrane
Acts as a barrier between inside and outside. Provides structure/protection. Decides what comes in and goes out
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Amyloplasts
Synthesizes starch
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria
Cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
Denaturation
loses/changes shape
How does low temperature affect enzymes.
the substrate moves too slow and enzyme doesn’t work
How does high temperature affect enzymes.
the enzyme denatures
Co-Factors
Some enzymes need a co-factor, Helps the enzyme to do its job
Enzyme Inhibition
Enzymes can stop working or work slower when an inhibitor is present, Inhibitors are “impostors” that bind to the active site and stops the substrate from binding
Photosynthesis equation
CO2+H2O = C6H12O6 + O2
Where does Photosynthesis happen?
Happens in the chloroplast
Where does Cellular Respiration happen?
Happens in the mitochondria in between the “folds” of the inner and outer membrane
Opposite of Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Where does most of the ATP in a leaf made?
electron transport chain
monomer Protein are called
Amino Acids
How does surface area and volume affect diffusion
As the surface area of the membrane increases, the rate of diffusion also increases, but a smaller cell will diffuse faster because it has less volume a larger surface area compared to larger cells
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