Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering personality disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorders, psychotic disorders, and general psychology concepts.

Definition of a Personality Disorder

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations, is pervasive and inflexible, has onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable, and leads to distress or impairment.

Classifications of Personality Disorders

Categorical, Level of Impairment, Dimensional

Clusters of Personality Disorders

Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric; Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic; Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful

Disorders in Cluster A

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

Disorders in Cluster B

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

Disorders in Cluster C

Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

Personality disorder more often diagnosed in males

Antisocial

Personality disorder more often diagnosed in females

Histrionic

Symptoms of Paranoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, interpreting motives as malevolent.

Symptoms of Schizoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions.

Symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Odd and unusual behavior, socially isolated, suspicious, with magical thinking and illusions.

Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Failure to comply with social norms, violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy or remorse.

Neurobiological Theories of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Underarousal, Cortical Immaturity, Fearlessness, Gray’s Model

Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder

Prevention and rehabilitation focusing on practical or selfish consequences.

Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder

Unstable mood, relationships, impulsivity, fear of abandonment, poor self-image, self-mutilation, and suicidal gestures.

Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Symptoms of Histrionic Personality Disorder

Overly dramatic, sensational, sexually provocative, impulsive, and needs to be the center of attention.

Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Exaggerated sense of self-importance, preoccupation with attention, lack of sensitivity and compassion.

Symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder

Extreme sensitivity to opinions of others, avoidance of interpersonal relationships, low self-esteem.

Symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder

Reliance on others to make decisions, fear of abandonment, clingy and submissive relationships.

Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Excessive fixation on doing things the right way, perfectionist, orderly, and emotionally shallow.

OCPD

A pervasive need to do things a certain way, driven by inflexibility rather than anxiety.

OCD

Intrusive unwanted thoughts causing anxiety and repetitive behaviors to neutralize the obsession.

Eating Disorder Myths

You can tell if someone has an eating disorder based on their weight alone; Men don’t get eating disorders; Eating disorders are caused by the media

Main Components of Binge Eating

Eating excess amounts of food in a discrete period of time with perceived lack of control.

Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors at least once a week for 3 months, self-evaluation excessively influenced by body shape/weight.

Medical Consequences of Bulimia Nervosa

Erosion of dental enamel, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, intestinal problems.

Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

Restriction of energy intake leading to low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image.

Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa

Restricting and Binge-eating/Purging

Minnesota Semi-Starvation Studies Findings

Starvation state associated with depression, irritability, low motivation, preoccupation with food, and unusual eating behaviors.

Media and Cultural Considerations for Eating Disorders

Thinness linked to success, happiness, cultural emphasis on dieting, standards of ideal body size.

Psychological and Behavioral Considerations for Eating Disorders

Low sense of personal control, perfectionist attitudes, distorted body image, preoccupation with food, mood intolerance.

Diagnostic Criteria for Binge Eating Disorder

Recurrent episodes of binge eating associated with distress, without inappropriate compensatory behaviors.

Psychological Treatments for Binge Eating Disorder

CBT-E, IPT, Self-help techniques, SSRIs

Main Categories of Substances

Depressants, Opiates/Opioids, Hallucinogens, Stimulants

Substance Use Disorder Symptoms

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal).

Impaired Control (Substance Use Disorder)

Taking more of the substance than intended, desire to cut down use, excessive time spent using, craving.

Pharmacological Criteria for Substance Use Disorder

Tolerance and withdrawal.

Tolerance

Need more of the substance to achieve desired effect.

Withdrawal

Unpleasant symptoms after stopping/reducing use.

Effects of Alcohol

Central nervous system depressant influencing GABA neurotransmitter systems.

Psychological Contributors to Substance Use Disorders

Positive and negative reinforcement, coping with negative affect, cognitive factors (expectancy effects), cravings.

Evidence-Based Treatments for Substance Use Disorders

Motivational enhancement therapy, contingency management, CBT for SUD, community support programs.

Definition of Psychosis

Large departure from reality.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences in the absence of sensory input.

Delusions

Strong, inaccurate beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary.

Definition of Schizophrenia

Disturbed thought, emotion, and behavior.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Active manifestations of abnormal behavior: delusions and hallucinations.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior: avolition, alogia, anhedonia, affective flattening.

Disorganized Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Confused or abnormal speech, behavior, and emotion.

Causes of Schizophrenia

Genetic, neurobiological, social influences.

Dopamine Hypothesis

Overactive dopamine.

Treatment for Schizophrenia

Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications, psychosocial approaches.

Week 1 Synopsis

Humanistic Therapy contrasted with Freud; Humans strive towards reaching one’s full potential

Week 2 Synopsis

Fear, Anxiety, Panic

Fear

Immediate, present-oriented

Anxiety

Future-oriented

Panic

Sudden

Anxiety Cycle

Situation -> Anxiety -> Avoidance -> Temporary relief

Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of situations/events due to worries about having a panic attack

Agoraphobia treatment options

Benzodiazepines, SSRIs, PCT, CBT

OCD Causes

Runs in families, earlier life experiences

OCD Treatments

SSRIs, CBT, ERP

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Causes

Runs in families

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Treatments

CBT, SSRIs