APUSH Review

Columbian Exchange

a widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) after Christopher Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda System

• Spanish forced labor system that exploited the Native Americans for work

• In return, SPanish provided protection for Native Americans and taught them Christianity (Native AMericans didn’t want this)

King Philips War

• Conflict between Native Americans and English Settlers

• English wanted to expand into Native AMerican territory, Tribes tried to stop them

• English were victorious, Native Americans faced many casualties

Great Awakening

1730-1760 ish

• push for religious revival

• religious freedom

• personal equality

European Enlightenment

• how we as a Gov take ideas from English enlightenment thinkers

• John Locke - life, liberty and property; gov job to protect your rights; right to revolt if gov doesn't protect our rights

• Checks and balances

• Separation of powers

French and Indian War

• conflict between Britain and France

• fighting over control of Ohio River Valley

• French were fighting with the Indians

• Britain won but faced lots of debt; passed on to North American colonies (taxes and quartering of soldiers in colonists houses)

• one cause of American Revolution

• Albany Plan of Union - colonies need to band together and work with Britain

Declaration of Independence

a foundational document asserting the independence of the American colonies from Great Britain. It outlines the reasons for this separation, citing principles of natural rights, and detailing grievances against King George III. The document was largely written by Thomas Jefferson and heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly those of John Locke.

American Revolution

The American Revolution, a pivotal period in US history, involved the thirteen British colonies gaining independence through a war against the British Empire. This period, spanning from 1765 to 1783, marked the birth of the United States and the establishment of a new nation based on ideals of liberty and republicanism

Articles of Confederation

the United States' first constitution, established a weak central government designed to prevent tyranny. It created a one-house congress where each state had one vote, and lacked an executive or judicial branch. The Articles faced significant challenges, including a weak economy, the inability to enforce taxes or regulate commerce, and internal conflicts like Shays' Rebellion.

Constitutional Convention

1787

• supposed to be that the founding fathers were meeting to fix the Articles of Confederation

• decided to scrap the articles and write the constitution

Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights, comprising the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, was ratified in 1791 and designed to protect individual liberties and limit federal power

Louisiana Purchase

• Thomas Jefferson purchases Louisiana territory from France for $15 mil

• doubles the size of the U.S.

• Louis and Clark - surveying land

• Jefferson was strict constructionist - strictly interpreted the constitution; when he buys Louisiana territory he became a hypocrite

Missouri Compromise

(1820) It addressed the issue of slavery in the Louisiana Purchase by admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state to maintain the balance in Congress. Additionally, it established a geographical line (36°30′ north latitude) dividing the Louisiana Purchase, prohibiting slavery north of that line except in Missouri

The American System

• Idea proposed by Henry Clay to bring about economic development in the country; banks, tariffs and roads

• Hand in hand with market revolution

Monroe Doctrine

1823

• tell Europe to stay out of our half of the world and we will stay out of their half

• because we want to make money off of south and central america

Market Revolution

1820-1850 ish

• shift from making things by hand to the first factories in the country

• first factories were water powered and mostly textile mills

• first time in history where young women will go to work

• steam engine ships were built to move the goods faster

Second Great Awakening

Mid 1800’s

• abolition

• ending of slavery

• based on religion

Seneca Falls Convention

1848

• women's rights and suffrage meeting in upstate New York

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Women write “Declaration of Sentiments” - declare women to be equal to men and demand suffrage

Civil War

(1861-1865) conflict primarily driven by disagreements over slavery and states' rights, leading to the secession of Southern states and the formation of the Confederacy. The Union, led by Abraham Lincoln, aimed to preserve the Union and eventually to abolish slavery, while the Confederacy sought independence. The war resulted in the Union victory, reunification of the nation, and the end of slavery

Manifest Destiny

• destiny of the country to move west and take all the land out to the Pacific ocean regardless of who lives there

Mexican American War

1846-1848

• America fought Mexico for the large are of Texas

• Mexican gov allowed American citizens to move into Texas, when number of American citizens exceeded number of Mexican citizens there was a revolt

• led to Texas eventually being annexed

Compromise of 1850

• Issue of Slave v Free states

• Texas slave, California free

• fugitive lave law - escaped slaves found in North should be sent back to the South

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1845

• popular sovereignty - people in states decide if State is slave or free

• led to bleeding Kansas, people fighting over states being free

Free Soil Party

• short lived political party that argued for new territories to be non-slave territories

• pre-civil war

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by President Lincoln in 1863, was a presidential proclamation declaring that all enslaved people in the Confederate states were free. While it didn't immediately free all slaves, it significantly weakened the Confederacy, opened the door for African American soldiers to join the Union army, and set the stage for the 13th Amendment

Gettysburg Address

• Lincoln’s speech during Civil War; dedicating the battlefield of Gettysburg as a cemetery for the soldiers who dies

• gives cause and purpose to civil war and why it was so important for the North to win

Reconstruction

(1865-1877) was the period after the Civil War focused on reuniting the nation and integrating freed slaves into society. It involved political, social, and economic challenges as the US grappled with the aftermath of the war.

13th Amendment

ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment

ratified in 1868, is a landmark constitutional amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed them equal protection under the laws. It also established the due process clause, preventing states from depriving individuals of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

15th Amendment

ratified in 1870, prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

Sharecropping

• former slaves who were freed after the civil war were paid with food to continue working the same lands

• kept slaves in a state of oppression

Transcontinental Rail Road

• In business; survival of the fittest - only strongest business will survive the rest will fail

• leads to monopolies

New South

• after civil war- the idea that the south needed to industrialize and modernize

• add more rail road tracks

Social Darwinism

theory that emerged in the late 19th century, wrongly applied Darwin's theory of evolution to human societies, claiming that certain races or classes were naturally superior and destined to "survive" while others were inferior. It was often used to justify social inequalities, racism, imperialism, and anti-immigrant sentiments

Gospel of Wealth

• Andrew Carnegie

• Use rich money to make poor lives better

• philanthropy - giving money to charity

Social Gospel Movement

• Christian religious movement that emphasizes helping the poor

Laissez-Faire

an economic philosophy that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy.

Populist Party

• farmers progressive movement

• want the free coinage of silver to have more money in their pocket

Spanish American War

1898

• us fighting Spain to help Cuba gain its independence

• sinking of USS Maine

• Yellow Journalism

• De Lome Letter - Spain sent letter criticizing President and the US found out

• US gains Guam, Puerto Rico and buy Philippines for $20,000

• annex Hawaii

• US is seen as a major world power for the first time - enters imperialism age

Progressive Era

• era where we try to make society better

• advocate unions, shorter days, higher pay, safety conditions, better living conditions, labor laws

• Muckrakers, Upton Sinclair, “How the Other Half Lives”

WWI

lasting from 1914 to 1918, was characterized by trench warfare, new technologies like machine guns and poison gas, and resulted in millions of casualties. The US initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917, significantly impacting the Allied victory.

Treaty of Versailles

signed in 1919, officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers. It imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, military restrictions, and crippling reparations payments.

League of Nations

established after World War I, was an international organization designed to prevent future wars through diplomacy and collective security. It was a central component of President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which sought to create a just and lasting peace. The League faced challenges, including the United States' refusal to join, and ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II

Great Migration

a large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to the North, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970. It was driven by a combination of factors, including the desire to escape racial discrimination and violence in the South, along with the promise of better economic and educational opportunities in the North and Midwest.

Harlem Renaissance

• 1920s

• acceptance of black culture into white culture

• jazz music, literature, art

Great Depression

a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939, was triggered by the Wall Street stock market crash of 1929 and led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and business failures. It was characterized by a dramatic decrease in industrial production and international trade, and affected countries worldwide.

New Deal

a series of domestic programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, aimed to address the Great Depression through a three-pronged approach: relief for the suffering, recovery of the economy, and reform of the financial system.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

a surprise military strike by Japan against the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. This attack, which took place when the U.S. was officially neutral in World War II, resulted in significant damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet and led to the U.S. declaring war on Japan the following day, effectively entering World War II

Japanese Internment

• forced relocation of Japanese Americans on the west coast into camps following the attack on Pearl Harbor

• fearful that Japan had spies in US

• Korematsu v. US - US ruled that it was constitutional for them to lock up Japanese people because they may pose a danger to America

D-Day

the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, was the largest amphibious invasion in history, marking the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. It was the culmination of Operation Overlord, a massive plan to push back German forces on the Western Front

Soviet Union

a communist state formed in 1922 and dissolved in 1991. It played a significant role in the Cold War, a period of ideological and political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Korean War

a proxy war within the Cold War, stemming from the division of Korea at the 38th parallel following WWII. In 1950, North Korea, backed by the Soviet Union and China, invaded South Korea, supported by the United States and other UN nations. The conflict ended in 1953 with an armistice, not a peace treaty, leaving the peninsula still divided

Baby Boom

a period of significantly increased birth rates in the United States, occurred roughly from 1946 to 1964. This demographic surge was largely fueled by the returning veterans and the post-World War II economic prosperity.

Cold War

a period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991, engaged in a struggle for global influence, proxy wars like Korea and Vietnam, and technological races like the Space Race

Vietnam War

a major conflict in the Cold War, pitting communist North Vietnam and its communist allies against South Vietnam and the United States, which supported South Vietnam. The war had a profound impact on American society, leading to widespread protests, questioning of the government's authority, and the development of the Vietnam War syndrome

Great Society

• Linden Johnson’s domestic program to help the poor and less fortunate ( fight poverty) in the country, during his time as president

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and public accommodations. It also provided federal oversight for school desegregation and banned discrimination in federally assisted programs

9/11 Terror Attacks

On September 11, 2001, four coordinated terrorist attacks, masterminded by al-Qaeda, resulted in significant casualties and lasting changes to US foreign and domestic policy

Ben Franklin

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Paine

George Washington

Alexander Hamilton

James Madison

John Adams

Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay

Abraham Lincoln

Jane Addams

Woodrow Wilson

Franklin D. Roosavelt

Maize

Joint-Stock Company

House of Burgess

Mercantilism

Pueblo revolt

Chattel Slavery

Bacon’s Rebellion

Pontiacs Rebellion

Stamp Act

Common Sense

Republican Motherhood

Northwest Ordinance

Shays Rebellion

Federalist Papers

Separation of Powers

Washington’s Farewell Address

Bank of the United States

Federalists vs Democratic Republicans

Alien and Sedition Acts

1807 Embargo Act

Marbury vs. Madison

Era of Good Feelings

Jacksonian Democracy

Trail of Tears

Nullification Crisis

Utopian Communities

Nat Turner Rebellion

Mexican cession

Nativism