APUSH Period 4 + 5 ID Terms

William Lloyd Garrison

An American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer known for his anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States, known for organizing the Seneca Falls Convention.

Sojourner Truth

An African American abolitionist and women's rights activist, famous for her speech 'Ain't I a Woman?'

Horace Mann

An American educational reformer who promoted public education and is known as the 'Father of the American Public School System.'

John C. Calhoun

An American statesman and political theorist known for his defense of slavery and states' rights.

Henry Clay

An American statesman and orator who served in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, known for his role in the Missouri Compromise (was known as the "Great Compromiser").

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States, known for his populist style and for founding the Democratic Party.

decry

To publicly denounce or criticize something.

John Humphrey Noyes

The founder of the Oneida Community, a utopian religious community in New York.

expedite

To make an action or process happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who sought to unite Native American tribes against the encroachment of settlers on their lands.

nascent

Just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential.

Oliver Hazard Perry

An American naval commander known for his victory in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

autonomy

The right or condition of self-government, especially in a particular sphere.

William Henry Harrison

The ninth President of the United States, known for his brief term and for leading American forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Brigham Young

An American religious leader and politician who was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

temperance

The social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Frederick Douglass

An African American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman who escaped from slavery.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and the glorification of the past and nature.

Francis Cabot Lowell

An American businessman who helped to establish the American textile industry and founded Lowell, Massachusetts.

Samuel Slater

An English-American industrialist known as the 'Father of the American Industrial Revolution' for bringing textile manufacturing technology to the U.S.

Asher Durand

An American painter and engraver known for his landscape paintings and a key figure in the Hudson River School.

John Marshall

The fourth Chief Justice of the United States, known for establishing the principles of American constitutional law.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A U.S. federal law that guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service.

Black codes

Laws passed in the southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans.

Texas v. White (1866)

A Supreme Court case that ruled that Texas had never legally seceded from the Union and thus could not claim its bonds.

Slaughterhouse cases (1873)

A series of Supreme Court cases that significantly weakened the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment for African Americans.

Ulysses S. Grant

The 18th President of the United States and a commanding general during the Civil War, known for leading the Union to victory.

Enforcement Act of 1871

A law aimed at protecting African Americans' voting rights and curbing the activities of the Ku Klux Klan.

Robert E. Lee

A Confederate general during the American Civil War, known for commanding the Army of Northern Virginia.

Thaddeus Stevens

A prominent Radical Republican leader in the U.S. House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era.

Charles Sumner

An American politician and senator known for his strong opposition to slavery and for his role in the abolitionist movement.

Freedmen's Bureau (1865)

A federal agency created to aid freed slaves in the South during the Reconstruction era.

Harriet Tubman

An African American abolitionist and political activist who escaped slavery and helped others to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

Stephen Douglas

An American politician known for his debates with Abraham Lincoln and for the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Clara Barton

A pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross and was a prominent figure in the Civil War.

John Brown

An abolitionist who believed in armed insurrection to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States.

Hiram Revels

The first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

scalawag

A derogatory term for Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

carpetbagger

A derogatory term for a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War, often for personal gain.

Jim Crow

A system of laws and practices that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans in the South.

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

A law that divided the South into military districts and established conditions for re-admittance to the Union.

Thirteenth Amendment (1865)

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.

Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

An amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and provided equal protection under the law.

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

An amendment that prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A law that granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States and aimed to protect the rights of African Americans.

Secession

The action of withdrawing formally from membership in a federation or body, especially a political state.

recalcitrance

The quality of being obstinately uncooperative or resistant to authority or control.