Hist 1010 Exam 3 IMPORTANT EVENTS / vocabulary

Allah

“The God” — Islam, Jewish, & Christian

Quran

(ISLAM) The central religious text of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.

Sunna

(ISLAM) Words, deeds, and customs of Muhammad

Hadith

(ISLAM) Verified reports of sunna collected into books beginning in th 600s-700s. The books are 2nd to the Quran.

How many collections are there of Hadith

6

al shahada

(ISLAM) profession of faith

al salah

(ISLAM) daily prayers

al sawn

(ISLAM) fasting during Ramadan

al zakat

(ISLAM) charitable giving or almsgiving, one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

al hajj

(ISLAM) pilgrimage to Mecca, mandatory for all Muslims who are physically and financially able to perform it.

jihad

(ISLAM) a complex concept often interpreted as "struggle" or "striving" in the way of God, which can refer to both personal and communal efforts in faith and action.

jizya

(ISLAM) a tax historically levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states, providing them protection and exempting them from military service.

Mihna

(ISLAM) A trial/testing of scholars and judges in the caliphate— extreme loyalty oath, those who did not abide were imprisoned.

Shi-i Sunni Divide

(ISLAM) The historical and theological split between Sunni and Shia Muslims, primarily over the rightful succession of leadership after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, leading to differing beliefs and practices.

Shi’ite challenge

(ISLAM) They took alot of land in the 10th century rofl

Sultan

(SALJUQ) Leader/ King

The Assasins

(ISLAM) enemies of everyone, but a branch of SHI’ITES… went on suicide missions and zaza addicts

Justinian Code

(BYZANTINE) Collection of laws that standardized the roman empire.

The Great Schism

(BYZANTINE) SPLIT of Roman Catholic & Byzantine Churches

Battle of Manzikert

(BYZANTINE) Battle between Turqs & Byzantines, Byzantines lost & led to their decline in East Asia (DEY LOST ANATOLIA)

Sacraments

(CHRISTIAN) Religious performances that led to salvation in the next life. These are rites recognized as essential to Christianity, including baptism and communion.

Arian Christinaity

(CHRISTIAN!!) Rival of Roman Catholicism. Monotheistic & believed the father was the eternal god. Practiced by barbarian tribes (Vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths)

Saxon Wars

(EUROPE) French wanted the Saxons to become Christian. They massacred 4500 leaders & deported 10k saxons.

First Crusade

(HOLY LAND) Led by Pope Urban II in 1095-1099. The only successful crusade, as they captured Edessa & Antioch.

Monastic Rules

(CHRISTIANITY) Monks & Nuns live in Monasteries following strict rules

Rule of St. Benedict = Regulations for the monks.

Monestaries

(CHRISTIANITY) Religious communities where monks and nuns live, dedicated to prayer and work. Land was often donated, some became wealthy.

2nd Crusade

(HOLY LAND) A failed attempt to recapture Edessa from Muslim control, occurring from 1147 to 1149, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany.

3rd Crusade

(HOLY LAND) A military campaign from 1189 to 1192, led by Richard the Lionheart, Philip II of France, and Frederick Barbarossa, aimed at recapturing Jerusalem after its fall to Saladin.

4th Crusade

(HOLY LAND) A crusade launched in 1202 that diverted from its original goal, resulting in the sack of Constantinople in 1204 instead of reaching the Holy Land.

Albigensian Crusade

(SOUTHERN FRANCE)— LED BY INNOCENT III A campaign initiated in 1209 to eliminate the Cathar heresy, leading to widespread violence against the Cathar population and significant political changes in the region.

Livonian Crusades

(EASTERN EUROPE) Crusades led by German knights from the late 12th to the 13th centuries aimed at converting the pagan peoples of the Baltic region to Christianity.

Battle of Talikota

(INDIA) MUSLIM Sultans UNITED against Vijayanagar. Their elephants did not stand a chance.

Tang Civil Services

(CHINA) Reviving of the Han tradition- civil exam based on Confucian, Buddhist, & Daoist texts that allowed for some social mobility, VERY DIFFICULT THOUGH.

Neo Confucianism

(CHINA) A blend of Daoism, Confucianism, & Buddhism

Mythical Japanese Origins

(JAPAN!!) Mythical beings married and made YAMATO ON TOP!!

tenno

(JAPAN) word for heavenly emperor

Taika Reform

(JAPAN) political reform that abolished private land ownership (all land was the emperor’s), cast a census, distributed land according to needs, and rewrote tax code.

Taiho Code

(JAPAN) system of legal codes established in 701, laying the foundation for a centralized government in Japan.

Tale of Genji

(JAPAN) a classic work of Japanese literature written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, often considered the world's first novel, depicting court life during the Heian period.

Tendai Buddhism

(JAPAN) School of Buddhism that thought that all living things are part of the universal Buddha & that it would be open to everyone and not just practicing monks.

Shingon Buddhism

(JAPAN) Type of Buddhism that put an emphasis on meditation— DEVELOPED KANA SCRIPT

Coptic Christianity

(EGYPT) An ancient branch of Christianity that originated in Egypt, characterized by its own unique traditions, practices, and theological interpretations distinct from other branches of Christianity.

Iconoclasm

(BYZANTINE) Belief that it is sinful to worship icons or images- caused for the destruction of art, led to CIVIL WAR!!

Ge’ez

(ETHIOPEIAN) language developed fo coptic christianity 2 reed da bible.