BIOSCI 107 Cells & Tissue

How many different body systems are there?

11

Acronym for body systems

MURDERS LINC

11 body systems

Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal... Lymphatic/Immune, Integumentary, Cardiovascular

What is the MUSCULAR system is composed of?

Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular), tendons, aponeuroses

What are the main functions of the MUSCULAR system?

1. Movement

2. Posture/Support

3. Generates heat through muscle activity

What is the URINARY system composed of?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What are the main functions of the URINARY system?

Produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wast and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

What is the RESPIRATORY system composed of?

Nasal cavity, sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What are the main functions of the RESPIRATORY system?

1. Transfers O2 to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air

2. Acid-base control

What is the DIGESTIVE system composed of?

Oral cavity, salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus

What are the main functions of the DIGESTIVE system?

1. Digestion of food + Absorption of nutrients and elimination of solid waste

2. Eliminates solid waste

What is the ENDOCRINE system composed of?

Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid gland, thymus, Adrenal gland, kidneys, pancreas, gonads

What are the main functions of the ENDOCRINE system?

1. Releases hormones to regulate body activities

What is the REPRODUCTIVE system composed of?

Gonads (testes/ovaries), uterine tube, uterus, vagina/penis, ductus deferens, mammary glands

What are the main functions of the REPRODUCTIVE systems?

1. Production of sperm or oocytes (gametes)

2. Hormones regulate a number of processes

What is the SKELETAL system composed of?

Bones (axial and appendicular), cartilage, joints, bone marrow (red and yellow)

What are the main functions of the SKELETAL system?

1. Supports and protects body

2. Provides surface area for bone protection

What is the LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE system composed of?

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

What are the main functions of the LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE system?

1. Returns proteins and fluids to blood

2. Carries lipids to blood

3. Lymphocytes protect against disease causing microbes

What is the INTEGUMENTARY system composed of?

Hair, skin, nails, oils and sweat glands

What are the main functions of the INTEGUMENTARY system?

1. Protection

2. Thermoregulation

3. Helps make vitamin D

4. Detects sensations

What is the NERVOUS system composed of?

Brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, sensory organs (ears and eyes)

What are the main functions of the NERVOUS system?

1. Produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities

2. Detects changes in the body's external/internal environments

What is the CARDIOVASCULAR system composed of?

Heart, blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, veins, blood

What are the main functions of the CARDIOVASCULAR systems?

1. Transport of CO2, O2, nutrients and waste

2. Regulation of H2O content, temperature, acid-base balance

Function of Yellow Marrow

Stores fat cells and minerals

Function of Red Marrow

red blood cell production

What is a LYMPHOCYTE

Type of white blood cell (leukocyte)

Determines the specific immune response to infectious microorganisms and other foreign substances

What organ belongs to the DIGESTIVE and ENDOCRINE systems?

Pancreas

What gland is in both the INTEGUMENTARY and REPRODUCTIVE systems?

Mammary

Aponeuroses function

Binds muscle together or attaches muscle to bone

Axial definition

of the trunk and head

Appendicular definition

of the limbs

6 Levels of structural organisation in order

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

4 Basic tissue types

Connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

THREE embryonic germ layers

Ecto-, meso-, endo- derm

Chemical level

Atoms/molecules. Building blocks of the body

Cellular level

The basic structural and functional units of the body e.g. smooth muscle cells

Tissue level

A group of cells that work together to perform a particular function (epithelial, connective tissue, muscle, nervous).

Organ Level

Structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue e.g. Stomach has epithelial lining; muscle.

System level

A system consists of related organs with a common function e.g. Digestive system.

Organismal level

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism.

Connective tissue

In matrix of fibres and in ground substance (bone). Binds organs together, protects and supports body and its organs, stores fat (energy), transport system (blood)

Muscle tissue

Contractile cells (muscle fibres). Generates force for movement.

Nervous tissue

Conducting cells and supportive neuralgia. Detects change inside and outside and responds by generating nerve impulses

epithelial tissue

Lines hollow organs also forms glands. Protection

Filtration

Secretion

Absorption

Excretion

ectoderm

Outermost germ layer. Can be epithelial and/or nervous tissue. gives rise to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord); the peripheral nervous system; the sensory epithelia of the eye, ear, and nose; the epidermis and its appendages (the nails and hair); the mammary glands; the hypophysis; the subcutaneous glands; and the enamel of the teeth

mesoderm

middle germ layer. Can be Epithelial, connective and most muscle tissue. gives rise to connective tissue, cartilage, and bone; striated and smooth muscles; the heart walls, blood and lymph vessels and cells; the kidneys; the gonads (ovaries and testes) and genital ducts; the serous membranes lining the body cavities; the spleen; and the suprarenal (adrenal) cortices

endoderm

Innermost germ layer. Epithelial tissue. gives rise to the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts; the parenchyma of the tonsils, the liver, the thymus, the thyroid, the parathyroids, and the pancreas; the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder and urethra; and the epithelial lining of the tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, and auditory tube

Gastrulation

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure, having three layers of cells