BIOL 101 Final Pt.1

What are the three parts of cell theory?

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

What organelles are unique to plant cells?

Chloroplasts, Cell Wall, Central Vacuole

What is the function of mitochondria?

ATP (energy) production through cellular respiration

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA is replicated

What is binary fission?

A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes producing two identical daughter cells

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

DNA → RNA → Protein

What enzyme is used during transcription?

RNA polymerase

What is a codon and what does AUG code for?

A codon is a triplet of nucleotides; AUG = Methionine (start codon)

What type of bond links amino acids?

Peptide bonds

What causes cells to differentiate?

Gene expression (turning genes on/off)

What is a missense mutation?

A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = observable traits

What does a heterozygous genotype look like?

Example: Bb

What is codominance?

Both alleles are equally expressed (e.g., AB blood type)

What is incomplete dominance?

Blending of traits (e.g., red + white = pink flowers)