ling 70 all

linguistic gaslighting

highlights a lingustic behavior as a deliberate and non-sensible choice

• correlates to vocal frye

word rage

responding to variation with anger or violence

• “pilotless drone”

linguistic shaming

highlighting some linguistic behavior as a reason for ridicule or shame

folk linguistics

variation is bad — language is a choice

distorted observation

women say “like” too much

distorted attribution

“like” is disfluent and inarticulate

standard variety

a variety of a language that is assigned elevated status among a set of similar varieties

prescriptivism

the imposition of a particular set of rules for grammar and word usage, for the purpose of maintaining an idealized standard

orgins — enlightenment era

used to justify lingusitic shaming

prescriptive grammar

a claim that some arrangement of words is “bad grammar” and should be avoided in favor of some alternative

prescription

fewer, not less, with countable nouns

regionalism

differences in language variety along geographic dimensions

isogloss

a geographic boundary that distinguishes word usage

phonological differences

accent

perceptual dialectology methods

survey and map labeling

salient features

shibboleth and chain shift

chain shift

a series of related innovations in vowel incidence, like a chain reaction

norther cities and southern chain shifts

shibboleth

a salient property of a diff dialect that people notice (to the exclusion of other less salient differences)

southern “drawl”

longer vowels (but shorter consonants) which gives illusion of slow rate of speech

symbolic revalorozation

attitudes about language stand in for attitudes about people that use that language

AAVE aspect

grammatical expression of duration of time

OUSD affair

• adopt Ebonics as label and recognize it as different from standered english

• use ebonics to teach standered english

BUT

• media, public, political reaction → widly negative

zimmerman trial

• profile driven murder trail of george zimmerman

• key witness — rachel jeantel

• AAVE and creole speaker — jury didn’t beilive her and miscomprehension

“word gap” discourse

pseudo-scientific claim that low SES kids recive insufficient “high quality lanuage input”

• differences in speech and lanuage behavior as deficit

creolist hyothesis

• AAVE is descendant if a creole variety

• and has converged w/ other kinds of english

creole

a language evolved from pidgin

pidgen

trade language — vocab borrowed from lexifier lanuage

anglicist hypothesis

• aka dialectologist

• claim — AAE was once more like white varieties of southern english has diverged since

substratum hypothesis

AAE shows “language transfer”

symbolic revalorization

leaning on a lingustic trait to discriminate

language contact

the use of more than one variety by groups in sociological contact

heritage language

a language used by earlier generations (and possible contemporary)

features of chicanx english

• higher rate of non-standered structures

• other accent features that aren’t spanish orgin

• initial s + consonant

• consonant cluster simplification

non-Salient Features

subtle

salient features

easily noticeable

assimilationist ideology — about spanish

a threat to english

features of chicanx english

• higher rate of non-standered structures

• other accent features that aren’t spanish orgin

• initial s + consonant

• consonant cluster simplification

L1

refers to individuals who learned a language since birth

L2

individuals leanring language later in life other than L1

heritage speakers

individuals raised in a home where non-dom language is spoken

language crossing

the use of linguistic features associated with a group to which the speaker doesn’t belong w/o actually speaking that other variety

mock spanish

use of spanish or quasi-spanish by american english speakers

indexation — mock spanish

direct → street smarts

indirect → cheapness, dirtiness, other stereotypes

mock spanish — forms

creation of non-spanish words and phrases using spanish grammatical forms

ex) no problemo, frendo

mock spanish — functions

semantic pejoration; a pos or neutral spanish word becomes a less positive or lower valued term in mock spanish

ex) adios as dismissive, borrowing negative words

anglo spanish

• loan word spanish

• nouvelle spanish

• mock spanish (hill article)

• each is distinct from actual bilingualism

M/F differences

little boys and girls already predisposed to gendered ways of speech

face saving technique

politeness in requests — “would you mind” “if you don’t mind”

verbal hygiene

like perecriptivism

• people trying to regulate speech

reality of M/F differences

cameron’s argument

• “hygiene” problematizes women’s speech

• real problem → attitudes about gender

tag questions

“you’re going to dinner, aren’t you?”

question requests

“why don’t you open the door?”

discourse marking

for like — occurs before new info, before quoted internal thought, and before quotation of speech

empirical observation for “dude”

dude plays an additional role in discourse — enhances speech

• an exclamation, reference, or addressor

index

social meaning of an item

FEP

fluent english proficient

• many have a nonnative accent

• count as “bilingual” in english and native language

LEP

limited english proficient

• has difficultly speaking and understanding english

• limited knowledge of english grammar and basic phonology

non native speaker may have..

• have clearly nonnative phonology and grammar

• or have nonnative accent but native like grammar

• or have native like phonology and grammar

learners english

the unsystematic use of english by LEP nonnative speakers

negative ideological attitudes of NNS

• assume language proficiency is a choice

• place communicative burden on NNS

problematizing of NNS

NNS contributions as inappropriate

implicit bias — rubin and smith (1990)

• matched-guise w/ recordings and photos

• listeners’ comprehension of speech varies w/ visual cues

perceptual methodology

• participants listened to recordings of speakers

• rated each speaker for likelihood of ethnicity

• all speaker were koren, and the listens had to discern which speakers they thought were koren

• korean american participants rated differently

• others relied on preconceptions

way of teaching L2

sheltered programs, two-way programs, mainstreaming

ESL

english as a second language

TESOL

teaching english to speakers of other languages

TEFL

teaching english as a foreign language

sheltered ESL

1st core subjects taught in heritage language, alongside ESL classes, teach children to read in L1

2nd math and science taught in english

3rd all classes taught in english

mainstreaming

• all core subjects taught in english, from day one

  • teaching spanish-speaking student to read english on english

political ESL teaching myths

• sheltered ESL delays english acquisition

• immersion more successful, faster

• bilingual education promotes heritage language at the expense of english acquisition

california prop 227

prohibited bilingual education, only using mainstreaming

institutionalized

encoded in policy and/or systematic practices

language shift

a community gradually replaces its heritage language with some external hegemonic language

language loss

replaces terms like death or extinction

• diasporic loss

ideologies of NA language

• policy

  • problematizes heritage language usage

• folk linguistic stereotyping

  • presents and highlights through film

  • fictionalized

dramatic representations of language

use of linguistic variety as a dramatic tool

fictional depictions of language

“hollywood injun english” in film and tv

• simplification

• awkward tenses

HIE fictions

• over formalized features

• object pronoun overuse

• appropriation of inauthentic language traits by non-authentic users

• same ideology enables racist mascots

actual AIE patterns

• widely variable

• eg ute english pronoun deletion

  • must be before an auxiliary-main verb sequence

  • auxiliary must be able to contract or delete

• navajo english — some nouns without articles

• topicalization / “dislocation”

language maintenance

addition problem with science argument — overemphasis of uniqueness of languages

lexical profusion

having a great many words to refer to a concept or property

lexical gaps

having no word in the lexicon to refer to a concept

relativism

• language are adapted to culture

• languages express the same reality in different ways

• claim — the culture has no need to count, and the language has adapted to reflect that

  • culture shapes language and thought

determinism

• language restricts thought (and culture)

• hypothesis — the structure of a language determines and limits categorization, memory, and perception

  • a theory often repeated as facts

• claim — the many words for snow allow inuit to perceive finer distinctions of snow than other cultures can

sapir

linguistic relativism

• the “formal completeness” of a language

• every language does what its users need it to do

exoticization

• a false claim about a language

• a false claim that a particular feature is unique to a language

• an exaggerated inference about the (casual/directional) effect of a language’s structure on culture or thought

• highlights self as being normal