Open during nasal breathing for air to go in nasal cavity
Closes like a sphincter during speech
* regulates and directs the transmission of sound energy and airflow into the oral and nasal cavities
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Velum during nasal breathing
Rests against the back of the tongue
Results in a patent (open) pharyngeal airway for unobstructed movement of air between nasal cavity and lungs
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Velar movement
Moves in a superior and posterior direction
* up and back
Has a type of “knee” action
Moves toward posterior pharyngeal wall
Velar dimple
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Velar dimple
Point on the oral surface where the levator veil palatini muscles interdigitate; is visible during phonation
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Lateral pharyngeal wall movement
Moves medically (middle)
Usually close against the velum
Sometimes close in midline behind the velum
Both walls move during closure
* Often dont move the same
Lateral walls appear to bow outward during speech
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Posterior pharyngeal wall movement
Moves anteriorly toward the velum
* toward the front a little
Has a very little role
Passavant’s ridge: bulge of muscle on PPW during speech; occurs in some normal and abnormal speakers
* helps with closure; disappears during nasal breathing * Often on people with clefts
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Velopharyngeal function
Requires coordinated movement of the following structures:
* velum * LPW * PPW
If ones not working, then wont properly close
Closes like a sphincter
Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Regulates and directs transmission of sound energy and airflow into the oral and nasal cavities
Particularly important for production of “pressure-sensitive” consonant sounds (plosives, fricatives, and affricates) and all vowels
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Levator veli palatini muscle (velar “sling”)
Velum closes against PPW
Elevates velum during VP closure @ 45 degree angle
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Superior constrictor muscle (pharyngeal ring)
Constriction of LPW around velum VP closure
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Palatoglossus muscle (anterior faucial pillar)
Depressing velum causing VP opening for nasal sounds
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Musculus uvulae muscle (bulge on nasal surface)
Provides bulk on nasal surface of velum during VP closure
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Tensor veli palatini muscle (for Eustachian tube function)
Open Eustachian tube to enhance middle ear aeration and drainage during swallowing
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Pharyngeal plexus
A network of nerves that lies along the posterior wall of the pharynx and consists of the pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and vagus nerve (CN X)
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VP closure: Coronal pattern
Velum and PPW
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VP closure: Sagittal pattern
LPWs move medically
Least common
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VP closure: circular pattern
All structures move
Sometimes includes Passavant’s ridge
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Nonpneumatic activites
Activities done without airflow
Velum closed high in the pharynx and LPWs close tightly along their length
* necessary to allow substances to pass through oral cavity without nasal regurgitation
Swallowing, gagging, vomiting
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Pneumatic activities
Activities that utilize airflow and air pressure as a result of VP closure
* positive pressure: whistling, blowing, speech * Air coming out * Negative pressure: sucking, kissing * Air coming in
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Timing of closure
Valve closes before phonation begins or sound will be hyper nasal
* can’t build up any pressure, air will come out nose
Closure is maintained until a nasal consonant or the utterance is ended
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Height of closure
Closure tends to be higher and tighter with high vowels and high-pressure consonants, especially voiceless consonants
Closure can be effected by rate and fatigue (ALS, MS)
VL consonants have more pressure than voiced
* vocal folds have to vibrate and takes off pressure
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Firmness of closure
Gap of 5 mm (20 mm2) is the threshold for hypernasality (5 pencil tips) (will hear it here)
Even very small gaps cause audible nasal air emission
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Rate and fatigue
Velar movement, height, and firmness of closure can decrease with rapid rate and muscular fatigue
* can cause increase in the perception of hypernasality * Tired children are “whiny” which is just nasal, since their rate of closure is slower
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Changes with growth and age
Velum increases in thickness and length: “Velar stretch”
Maturation results in an increase in oral-motor coordination
Facial skeleton, including hard and soft palate, moves down and forward as we grow
Posterior pharyngeal wall changes in inclination and bends forward. More efficient closure
Closure changes from just below the velar eminence to on top of the velar eminence.
Gradual involution of adenoid tissue occurs, particularly around puberty
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Subsystems of speech
Respiration: pharyngeal dysfunction can cause an alteration of respiration during speech because the loss of airflow through the nose causes the individual to take more frequent breaths to replenish the air
Phonation: may be altered if the individual compensates for inadequate oral airflow for VL sounds by substituting pronated sounds
* prosody (stress and intonation)
VP function
* resonance
Articulation
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When saying “ah” phonation stops
When you run out of air
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Reparation procedure
Air pressure is required to initiate and sustain phonation
1. Vocal folds close 2. Subglottic air pressure builds 3. Vocal folds break open and begin to vibrate
1. Pressure is released
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Respiration
Breathing for vegetative purposes is different then for speech
Inspiration and expiration are controlled based on utterance length and phrasing (take in as much air is required for the utterance)
There is a need to control breathing and phrasing
Need to maintain breath support for phonation and sound production throughout the utterance
Provides airflow, which converts to intraoral air pressure for articulation
Is important for pressure-sensitive sounds
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Most intraoral air pressure
Voiceless consonants
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High-pressure sounds
Plosives (p, b, t, d, k, g)
Fricatives (f, v, s, z, ʃ, Θ, ð)
Affricates (ʧ, ʤ)
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Low pressure sounds
Liquids (l, r)
Glides (w, j)
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No pressure sounds
Nasals (n, m, ŋ)
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Phonation
Vibration of the vocal folds produces sound for speech
Needed for all vowels and some consonants
Must be able to start and stop phonation quickly throughout an utterance
* “A cup” start-stop-start-stop
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Oral sound VP function
Velopharyngeal valve is closed.
This allows acoustic energy and airflow to enter oral cavity.
It is important for the production of most consonant sounds (particularly plosives, fricatives, affricates) and all vowels.
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Nasal sound VP function
Velopharyngeal valve is open.
This allows most of the sound energy to enter the nasal cavity
It is important for nasal sounds (m, n, ŋ).
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Articulation: vowels
Produced by altering oral resonance
Formant frequencies affected by:
* Position of tongue, jaw, and lips * Size and shape of oral cavity
Acoustics and vowel perception affected by formant frequencies