CSD 438 ex 1 ch 1

5.0(1)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/101

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

102 Terms

1
New cards
What part of ear can be effected from a cleft palate?
Tympanic membrane (syndrome increases 40-60%)
2
New cards
External ear parts
Pinna

External auditory canal
3
New cards
Middle ear parts
Tympanic membrane

Ossicles

Eustachian tube
4
New cards
Inner ear parts
Cochlea

Semicircular canals
5
New cards
Children with fetal alcohol syndrome sometimes have a flat…
Philitrum
6
New cards
Aperture means
Opening
7
New cards
Nasal septum
Quadrangle septal cartilage

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
8
New cards
Vomer
Perpendicular structure that fits in median palatine suture groove (tongue in groove)
9
New cards
Upper lip parts
Philitrum

Philtral ridges/columns

Cupid’s Bow

White roll

Vermilion

Tubercle
10
New cards
Vermilion
Colored parts of lips
11
New cards
White roll
Around the lips where you would put lip liner
12
New cards
Orbicularis
The muscle that surrounds the mouth

* during a cleft palate surgery, the upper fibers are affected and muscles need to go back there
13
New cards
Hard palate
Separates the nasal cavity and oral cavity

Serves as roof of mouth and floor of nose
14
New cards
Hard palate: Palatal vault
Dome on upper part of oral cavity
15
New cards
Hard palate: Alveolar ridge (alveolus)
Provides bony support for teeth and a place for articulation of lingual-alveolar sounds
16
New cards
Hard palate: mucoperiosteum
Part of mucus membrane

Thin tissue that covers the hard palate and consists of mucous membrane and periosteum
17
New cards
Mucous membrane
lining of stratified squamous epithelium and laminate propria
18
New cards
Periosteum
Thick, fibrous tissue that covers bone
19
New cards
Hard palate: rugae
Ridges that run horizontally in the front part of the palate
20
New cards
Hard palate: incisive papilla
Projection of mucosa at area of incisive foramen (just behind central incisors)
21
New cards
Hard palate: palatine (median) raphe:
Line from incisive foramen to uvula
22
New cards
Hard palate: Foramen
Hold or opening in a bony structure to allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through to the mucosa
23
New cards
Incisive foramen
In the area of alveolar ridge, just behind the central incisors

The starting point of embryological development
24
New cards
Hard palate: premaxilla
Triangular-shaped bone

Bordered by the two incisive sutures and the incisive foramen

Contain all four maxillary incisors (central and lateral)
25
New cards
Palatine process of maxilla
Forms anterior 3/4th of the maxilla

Two plates separated by median (intermaxillary palatine suture)

Nasal aspect of palatine suture forms groove for lower portion of vomer (nasal septum)
26
New cards
Hard palate: horizontal plates of the palatine bones
Posterior portion of the hard palate

Bordered by the transverse palatine suture lines

Meet in midline at the median palatine suture

Ends with the posterior nasal spine (bony projection)
27
New cards
Hard palate: torus palatinus (palatine torus)

\
Hard palate: torus palatinus (palatine torus)

\
Normal variation

Seen in some Caucasians of Northern European descent

Prominent longitudinal ridge on oral surface along intermaxillary suture line normal variation and usually not the cause of a problem
28
New cards
Hard palate: sphenoid and temporal bones
Medial and lateral pterygoid plates

Pterygoid hamulus

Both provide bony attachment for velopharyngeal musculature
29
New cards
Medial and lateral pterygoid plates
Part of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

On far end of palate
30
New cards
Pterygoid hamulus
Inferior end of pterygoid plate
31
New cards
Soft palate: velum
Consists of muscles and mucosa (no bone)

Attaches to hard palate

Median palatine raphe continues to uvula

Uvula attaches to the posterior border

Surface cant be seen through nasopharyngoscopy
32
New cards
Soft palate: velum: palatine (velar) aponeurosis
Consists of fibrous, connective tissue

Is an anchoring point for velar muscles

Provides stiffness
33
New cards
Uvula
Teardrop-shaped pendulum

Consists of mucosa, glandular, and adipose tissue

Very vascular (it would bleed a lot)

Has no known function
34
New cards
Pharyngeal structures
Pharynx, adenoid pad, Eustachian tube
35
New cards
Pharynx (throat) parts
Posterior pharyngeal wall

Eustachian tube

Tonsils

Epiglottis
36
New cards
Different types of Tonsils
Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)

Tonsils (palatine tonsils)

Lingual tonsil (at the base of tongue)
37
New cards
Epiglottis
Prevents aspiration by covering trachea opening
38
New cards
Sections of pharynx
Nasopharynx: above the velum

Oropharynx: below the velum

Hypopharynx: below the base of the tongue

Posterior pharyngeal wall
39
New cards
Adenoid pad
Mass of lymphoid tissue

Located on posterior pharyngeal wall, just behind the velum

More prominent in children than adults (shrinks around age 8)

Children have velo-adenoidal closure
40
New cards
Eustachian tube
Connects the middle ear with the pharynx

At horizontal angle in children around age 6

At a 45 degree angle in adults

Pharyngeal opening is lateral and slightly above velum
41
New cards
Structures near eustachian tube
Torus tubarius: ridge located posterior to Eustachian tube

Salpingopharyngeal folds: originate from torus tubarius and course down to the lateral pharyngeal wall
42
New cards
Anatomical position
Face forward, palms out
43
New cards
Prone
Lying face downward
44
New cards
Supine
Lying face upward
45
New cards
Anterior
Front (toward)
46
New cards
Posterior
Back (toward)
47
New cards
Superior
Towards the head of the body
48
New cards
Inferior
Away from the head
49
New cards
Lateral
toward the side (or away from the axis of symmetry)

o   Divides into two parts
50
New cards
Medial
Towards middle of body
51
New cards
Proximal
Closer to torso
52
New cards
Distal
Farther from torso
53
New cards
Bilateral
Equal/effecting both sides of the body
54
New cards
Ipsilateral
on the same side as…(referent)
55
New cards
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body as…(referent)
56
New cards
Ventral
Toward bottom of brain

Along/toward the belly surface of body
57
New cards
Dorsal
Toward top of brain

Along/toward the vertebral surface of body
58
New cards
Abduction
Away from midline
59
New cards
Adduction
Towards midline
60
New cards
Lingual
Branch of the mandibular nerve (line underneath tongue)
61
New cards
Labial
Junction of upper and lower lips lateral to mouth angle (V shaped thing on top and bottom of gums)
62
New cards
Superior means the same thing as
Dorsal
63
New cards
Inferior means the same thing as
Ventral
64
New cards
Dorsal means the same thing as ___ when referring to the brain
Superior
65
New cards
Structures of the velopharyngeal valve
Velum, lateral pharyngeal walls, posterior pharyngeal walls
66
New cards
Movement of the velopharyngeal valve
Open during nasal breathing for air to go in nasal cavity

Closes like a sphincter during speech

* regulates and directs the transmission of sound energy and airflow into the oral and nasal cavities
67
New cards
Velum during nasal breathing
Rests against the back of the tongue

Results in a patent (open) pharyngeal airway for unobstructed movement of air between nasal cavity and lungs
68
New cards
Velar movement
Moves in a superior and posterior direction

* up and back

Has a type of “knee” action

Moves toward posterior pharyngeal wall

Velar dimple
69
New cards
Velar dimple
Point on the oral surface where the levator veil palatini muscles interdigitate; is visible during phonation
70
New cards
Lateral pharyngeal wall movement
Moves medically (middle)

Usually close against the velum

Sometimes close in midline behind the velum

Both walls move during closure

* Often dont move the same

Lateral walls appear to bow outward during speech
71
New cards
Posterior pharyngeal wall movement
Moves anteriorly toward the velum

* toward the front a little

Has a very little role

Passavant’s ridge: bulge of muscle on PPW during speech; occurs in some normal and abnormal speakers

* helps with closure; disappears during nasal breathing
* Often on people with clefts
72
New cards
Velopharyngeal function
Requires coordinated movement of the following structures:

* velum
* LPW
* PPW

If ones not working, then wont properly close

Closes like a sphincter

Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Regulates and directs transmission of sound energy and airflow into the oral and nasal cavities

Particularly important for production of “pressure-sensitive” consonant sounds (plosives, fricatives, and affricates) and all vowels
73
New cards
Levator veli palatini muscle (velar “sling”)
Velum closes against PPW

Elevates velum during VP closure @ 45 degree angle
74
New cards
Superior constrictor muscle (pharyngeal ring)
Constriction of LPW around velum VP closure
75
New cards
Palatoglossus muscle (anterior faucial pillar)
Depressing velum causing VP opening for nasal sounds
76
New cards
Musculus uvulae muscle (bulge on nasal surface)
Provides bulk on nasal surface of velum during VP closure
77
New cards
Tensor veli palatini muscle (for Eustachian tube function)
Open Eustachian tube to enhance middle ear aeration and drainage during swallowing
78
New cards
Pharyngeal plexus
A network of nerves that lies along the posterior wall of the pharynx and consists of the pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and vagus nerve (CN X)
79
New cards
VP closure: Coronal pattern
Velum and PPW
80
New cards
VP closure: Sagittal pattern
LPWs move medically

Least common
81
New cards
VP closure: circular pattern
All structures move

Sometimes includes Passavant’s ridge
82
New cards
Nonpneumatic activites
Activities done without airflow

Velum closed high in the pharynx and LPWs close tightly along their length

* necessary to allow substances to pass through oral cavity without nasal regurgitation

Swallowing, gagging, vomiting
83
New cards
Pneumatic activities
Activities that utilize airflow and air pressure as a result of VP closure

* positive pressure: whistling, blowing, speech
* Air coming out
* Negative pressure: sucking, kissing
* Air coming in
84
New cards
Timing of closure
Valve closes before phonation begins or sound will be hyper nasal

* can’t build up any pressure, air will come out nose

Closure is maintained until a nasal consonant or the utterance is ended
85
New cards
Height of closure
Closure tends to be higher and tighter with high vowels and high-pressure consonants, especially voiceless consonants

Closure can be effected by rate and fatigue (ALS, MS)

VL consonants have more pressure than voiced

* vocal folds have to vibrate and takes off pressure
86
New cards
Firmness of closure
Gap of 5 mm (20 mm2) is the threshold for hypernasality (5 pencil tips) (will hear it here)

Even very small gaps cause audible nasal air emission
87
New cards
Rate and fatigue
Velar movement, height, and firmness of closure can decrease with rapid rate and muscular fatigue

* can cause increase in the perception of hypernasality
* Tired children are “whiny” which is just nasal, since their rate of closure is slower
88
New cards
Changes with growth and age
Velum increases in thickness and length: “Velar stretch”

Maturation results in an increase in oral-motor coordination

Facial skeleton, including hard and soft palate, moves down and forward as we grow

Posterior pharyngeal wall changes in inclination and bends forward. More efficient closure

Closure changes from just below the velar eminence to on top of the velar eminence.

Gradual involution of adenoid tissue occurs, particularly around puberty
89
New cards
Subsystems of speech
Respiration: pharyngeal dysfunction can cause an alteration of respiration during speech because the loss of airflow through the nose causes the individual to take more frequent breaths to replenish the air

Phonation: may be altered if the individual compensates for inadequate oral airflow for VL sounds by substituting pronated sounds

* prosody (stress and intonation)

VP function

* resonance

Articulation
90
New cards
When saying “ah” phonation stops
When you run out of air
91
New cards
Reparation procedure
Air pressure is required to initiate and sustain phonation


1. Vocal folds close
2. Subglottic air pressure builds
3. Vocal folds break open and begin to vibrate


1. Pressure is released
92
New cards
Respiration
Breathing for vegetative purposes is different then for speech

Inspiration and expiration are controlled based on utterance length and phrasing (take in as much air is required for the utterance)

There is a need to control breathing and phrasing

Need to maintain breath support for phonation and sound production throughout the utterance

Provides airflow, which converts to intraoral air pressure for articulation

Is important for pressure-sensitive sounds
93
New cards
Most intraoral air pressure
Voiceless consonants
94
New cards
High-pressure sounds
Plosives (p, b, t, d, k, g)

Fricatives (f, v, s, z, ʃ, Θ, ð)

Affricates (ʧ, ʤ)
95
New cards
Low pressure sounds
Liquids (l, r)

Glides (w, j)
96
New cards
No pressure sounds
Nasals (n, m, ŋ)
97
New cards
Phonation
Vibration of the vocal folds produces sound for speech

Needed for all vowels and some consonants

Must be able to start and stop phonation quickly throughout an utterance

* “A cup” start-stop-start-stop
98
New cards
Oral sound VP function
Velopharyngeal valve is closed.

This allows acoustic energy and airflow to enter oral cavity.

It is important for the production of most consonant sounds (particularly plosives, fricatives, affricates) and all vowels.
99
New cards
Nasal sound VP function
Velopharyngeal valve is open.

  This allows most of the sound energy to enter the nasal cavity

  It is important for nasal sounds (m, n, ŋ).
100
New cards
Articulation: vowels
 Produced by altering oral resonance

 Formant frequencies affected by:

* Position of tongue, jaw, and lips
* Size and shape of oral cavity

Acoustics and vowel perception affected by formant frequencies