Unit 4: Period 4: 1800–1848 (copy)

Revolution of 1800

Refers to the election of Thomas Jefferson which marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the United States.

Bloodless Revolution

A term used by Jefferson to describe the peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans.

Marbury v. Madison

A 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of Congress and the President unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

A land deal in 1803 where the United States acquired territory from France, effectively doubling the size of the nation.

Twelfth Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1804 to establish a procedure for electing the President and Vice President.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law that prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports, leading to economic distress in the United States.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Legislation that resumed trade with most nations except Britain and France.

War Hawks

Young congressmen from the South and West who were eager for war against Britain in the lead-up to the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

The agreement that ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries but not addressing the issues that led to the conflict.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalists in 1814 to discuss opposition to the War of 1812, which ultimately led to the decline of the Federalist Party.

American System

Economic plan promoted by Henry Clay advocating for protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Monroe Doctrine

A 1823 foreign policy principle asserting that European powers should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery, which gained prominence in the antebellum period.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States who represented the rise of populism and the common man in American politics.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands in the Southeast to designated 'Indian Territory' west of the Mississippi River.

Nullification

The idea that states have the right to invalidate any federal law they deem unconstitutional.

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that sped up the process of cotton production and increased reliance on slave labor.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.