ANAPHY 1.1 HUMAN BODY

ANATOMY

It is defined as the study of the structure and the shape of the body parts and their relationships to one another

Ana

“apart”

Tomos

“to cut”

Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy

TYPES OF ANATOMY

Gross Anatomy

the study of the form of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

the study of the form of normal structures seen under the microscope

PHYSIOLOGY

It is the study of how the body and its parts work and function

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

the study of disorders of functioning • knowledge of normal physiology makes such disorders easier to understand

ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGAN TISSUE CELL CHEMICAL

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

Cells

are the basic unit of life, the smallest unit possible of basic life processes like taking in nutrients, expelling waste & reproducing

Tissue

It is a group of similar cells that have a common function

Organ

is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body • At this level, extremely complex functions become possible

Organ System

A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common function

Organism

Made up of 11 organ systems & represents the highest level of structural organization

Integumentary, Skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory,digestive, urinary,reproductive

11 Organ Systems

Integumentary System (system)

Helps regulate body temperature • Protects the body • Eliminates some wastes • Helps make vitamin D • Detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth and cold

Skeletal System

Supports & protects the body • Provides a specific area for muscle attachment • Assists with body movements • Stores cells that produce blood cells • Stores mineral and lipids (fats)

Muscular System

Participates in bringing about body movements • Maintains posture • Produces heat

NERVOUS SYSTEM & SPECIAL SENSES

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment • Interpreting the changes • Responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

Cardiovascular System

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels • Blood carries oxygen & nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide & wastes away from cells & helps regulate acidity, temperature & water content of body fluids • Blood components help defend against disease & mend damaged blood vessels

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM & IMMUNITY

Returns proteins & fluid to blood • Carries lipids from GI tract to blood • Contains sites of maturation & proliferation of B cells & T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air • Helps regulate acidity of body fluids • Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food • Absorbs nutrients • Eliminates solid wastes

URINARY SYSTEM

• Produces, stores, & eliminates urine • Eliminates wastes & regulates volume & chemical composition of blood • Helps regulate acidity of body fluids • Maintains body’s mineral balance • Helps regulate red blood cell production

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism • Release hormones that regulate reproduction & other body processes • Associated organs transport & store gametes • Mammary glands produce milk

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth Differentiation, Reproduction

6 Important Body Processes

METABOLISM

is all the chemical processes that occur in the body UNIT 1: The Human Body – An Orientation • includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks, or making larger structure from smaller ones or utilizing nutrients & oxygen to produce energy molecules

RESPONSIVENESS

or “irritability” • is the ability to detect and respond to changes that occur both inside and outside of the body

MOVEMENT

includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.

GROWTH

is an increase in body size due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells.

Differentiation

is the process that unspecialized cells undergo to become specialized cells.

Reproduction

refers to either the production of a new individual or the formation of new cells for growth repair or replacement.

HOMEOSTASIS

• A state in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively stable by responding appropriately to changes • A state of “balance” or “equilibrium” which is a result of the proper functioning of each organ and organ system in the body.

DISEASE or DISORDER

results when there is moderate to severe imbalance in homeostasis

Nervous and Endocrine systems

Systems that help maintain Homeostasis

Nervous system

detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change

Endocrine System

corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood hormones affect specific body cells to restore homeostasis

Feedback mechanism

is a cycle of events in which a controlled condition in the body (e.g. body temp., BP) is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re- monitored, re-evaluated and so on.

Receptors,Control Center,Effector

Basic Components of a Feedback Mechanism:

1\. Receptor

is a body structure that monitors a change in a controlled condition; this change is called, stimulus • receptor sends information called input to the control center

Control Center

the processing center • evaluates the input it receives from the receptors and generates output commands to appropriate organs when they are needed

Effector

• is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition • any organ of the body can act as an effector

Negative Feedback Mechanism

reverses a change in a controlled condition bringing it back to “normal”. • examples are feedback mechanisms that control: body temperature blood pressure

Positive Feedback System

strengthens a controlled condition • examples are feedback mechanisms that control: childbirth blood clotting

Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Types of Feedback Mechanisms

Anatomical Position

subject‘s body standing upright; head level with eyes facing observer; arms at the sides with palms forward; and feet flat on the floor • description of the location of the body parts is based on this position

left

• to the left of subject’s body

Right

to the right of subject’s body

Superior

toward the head’s end; upper part of a structure; above or higher • e.g. The forehead is superior to the nose

Inferior

away from the head end; toward the lower part of a structure; below or lower • e.g. The navel is inferior to the breastbone

Anterior (or ventral)

• at the front of the body or in front of • e.g., The breast bone is anterior to the spine

Posterior (or dorsal)

• at the backside of the body or behind • e.g., The heart is posterior to the ribs

Medial

• toward or at the midline of the body; inner side of the body • e.g., The heart is midline to the arm

Lateral

• away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of • e.g., The arms are lateral to the chest

Proximal

• close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk • e.g., The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk • e.g. The knee is distal to the thigh

Superficial

toward or at the body surface • e.g The skin is superficial to the skeleton

Deep

• away from the body surface; more internal • e.g The lungs are deep to the rib cage

Head

skull & face

Neck

supports head & attaches it to trunk

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Otic

Ear

Orbital

Eye Cavity

Oral

Mouth

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheeck

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Occipital

Back of Head

Trunk

–chest, abdomen & pelvis

Upper Limb

attached to the trunk; consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist & hand

Acromial

Point of Shoulder

Sternal

Sternum (center bone)

Pectoral

Chest

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Cubital

Behind of elbow

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel

Antebrachial

Forearm

Inguinal

Groin

Carpal

Wrist

Cox

Hip

Palmar

Palm

Digital

Finger

Genital

Reproductive organs

Vertebral

Spinal column

Brachial

Arm

Dorsum

Back

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Between hips

Perineal

In between anus and genitilia

Lower limb

Attached to the trunk;consists of the buttocks,thigh,leg,ankle,and foot

Patellar

Front of knee

Crural

Leg

Tarsal

Instep