EAPP - jargon to main idea

jargon

- specialized terms or words used by a specific group of people that the majority may or may not know or understand

General English

- more on making things more interesting by utilizing flowery words/ language
- the words used can have different meanings and interpretations

English for Specific Purposes

- uses straightforward words to express ideas
- prefers to be factual
- refers to what is taught to university students or employed people
- focuses on one profession

English for Specific Purposes>> English for Academic Purposes > English for Medical Purposes> English for Legal Purposes > English for Science & Technology> English for Management , Finance and Economics

types and examples of ESP

English for Occupational Purposes>> English for Professional Purposes> English for Medical Purposes> English for Business Purposes> English for Pre-Vocational Purposes> English for Vocational English> English for Vocational Purposes>

types and examples of ESP

Academic Text

- formal writings that are derived from facts, contains citations, and evidences
- focuses on specific topics

Non-academic Texts

- language used is informal and casual
- topics discussed are derived from the writer's point of view and opinions

Academic Texts

- research papers, academic journal, book report, article, abstract

Non-academic Text

text messages, letters, blog posts, scripts, poetry

Informational Text Structure

Text type depends on the primary purpose of a text, which in turn determines how it's written -- what information the author introduces in the text and how this information is organized.

Definition, Description, Recount of Sequence, Cause-Effect, Problem-Solution, Comparison and Contrast, Enumeration, Classification, and Thesis-Evidence

- 9 informational text structures

Recount, Description, and Enumeration

give instructions

Definition, Description, Enumeration, and Classification

give an explanation

Thesis-evidence

most relevant texture that argue a point or position

all the text structures

to convey information

chronological rendition or Recount

to narrate an event or process

noting Language Cues, making a Graphic Representation (Text Mapping), Outlining

three approaches to a text to help you determine its structure

first approach (Language Cues)

some keywords will be presented as each text structure is discussed

second approach (Text Mapping)

will be presented possible graphic representations of text

because most 21st century learners are strongly Visual

Why this focus on graphic representation?

Visual learning

enjoy something you can see, and understand it better

Text Mapping

general term for graphically organizing and representing various parts of a text in a manner that shows how the parts relate to each other

shows you simultaneously the details and structure of a text

advantage of text mapping

Semantic Webbing or Mind Mapping, Preparing a Classification Tree, and Flow Charts

various ways of text mapping

third approach (Outlining)

- presents framework by showing its main ideas and subtopics
- more cognitively demanding

Definition

- explains the nature of something
- giving the general class to which the concept being defined belongs
- describes the thing being defined and/or cite examples of it

language cues of Definition text

is/ are, for example, can be, is defined as, means

words that refer to composition

contain, make up, involves

words that suggest a likeness

as, appears to be, refers to

general words that refer to a class or genus

such as a form of (exercise), a branch of (engineering), a type of (worship), a kind of (ship)

text mapping of a Definition Text

modified wheel, semantic webbing or mind mapping

Description

- gives concrete details about appearance, characteristics, and actions

adjective to describe size

huge, small, or numbers that specify dimension

shape

spherical, octagonal

position

middle, top

texture

rough, smooth, velvety

color

verdant green, onyx-like

adverbs to qualify an action or thing

evenly, roughly, consistently

adjective phrases

a 10-gallon container, a four-day weekend, 2-day old chicks

text mapping of a Description text

insert pic

Recount of a Sequence

- chronological narration of a historical period, a sequential description of a process or a procedure

language cues in recount

- first, second, now, before, after, then, finally, while, meanwhile, during, and other expressions of time
- In a historical account, dates may be considered too

time line, flow chart

text mapping for recount of sequence

Cause-Effect

- reasons why situation is obtained
- in academic writing, it is the effect that is usually presented first, perhaps to achieve a more dramatic effect

expressions that indicate effect or consequence or result

- so, so that, as a result, consequently, explanation for, thus, and accordingly

expressions that indicate cause

due to, as a result of, because of, a cause of, attributed to, largely

text mapping for cause-effect

insert pic

Problem-Solution

- starts off with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution)

language cues for problem-solution

problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, addresses the problem of

text mapping for problem-solution

insert pic

Comparison and Contrast

- similarities and differences are presented
- also comparative and superlative degrees of comparison
- marks opposites or antonyms (traditional vs. modern)

expressions that point out similarities

- similarly, in like manner, and in the same way

expressions that point out differences

- on the other hand, on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although, unless, and however

text mapping for comparison and contrast

tabular form, venn diagram

Enumeration

listing, as in a list of parts, of characteristics, of examples, etc.

language cues for enumeration

start with, second, in addition, next, then, another, finally and also

text mapping for enumeration

numbered list or a bulleted text

Classification

presents groupings, types, classes, categories, and sub-categories that constitute a concept, presented in hierarchical order

Examples of Classification text

groupings in a school, species of animals, categories of films, and television shows

Language cues of Classification text

there are several types/ kinds of, a part of, an example of, groups/kinds/ways/types/classes of, another kind of, divided into

Hierarchy

may be presented through size (usually bigger idea is a bigger figure) and placement or positioning (usually bigger ideas are placed above smaller topics)

Text Mapping of Classification

concept mapping (parang yung sa sci) insert pic

Thesis-Evidence

to serve purpose of arguing a point/position or interpretation

deductively, inductively

The thesis-evidence text organization or thought pattern may be arranged __________ or ___________

Deductive Order

- general statement or thesis followed by supporting ideas
- first sentence contain the main idea, next sentences contain supporting ideas

Inductive Order

- details from which an inference or thesis is drawn
- supporting ideas that build the main idea goes first then the main idea is in the last sentence

Language cues for Thesis-Evidence

- (v) assert, claim, prove/ show that..., support, and allege that
- (n) evidence, proof and argument

Text Mapping of Thesis-Evidence

*insert pic

Outlining

- shows the framework of a text through division and subdivion of ideas
- should have at least 2 sub-categories

Principle of Division, Principle of Classification, Principle of Coordination, Principle of Subordination

basic principles and rules in outlining

Principle of Division

- You cannot claim to have divided something and have only one part
- Every part of an outline that has topics should have at least TWO parts or subsections

Principle of Classification

- similar ideas should go together
- there should be no overlapping of topics and subtopics in an outline

Principle of Coordination

- ideas of equal rank and value are coordinate, therefore they belong to the same level of the outline

Coordinate Headings

- must be expressed in parallel construction

Principle of Subordination

- small ideas should fall under the appropriate big ideas

Things to remember in Outlining

- If you're outlining an article, you cannot add to the ideas of the original. Important ideas of the article should be in the outline.

Things to remember in Outlining

- Copied headings should be enclosed in quotes, otherwise you commit plagiarism. You should also give the bibliographical details (author, date of publication, title, publisher, etc.) of the source material at the end of the outline.

Sentence Outline and Topic Outline

types of outline

Sentence Outline

- heading of each level is one sentence

Topic Outline

- heading of each level is a phrase

Thesis Statement (TS)

A traditional outline starts with a ____________ . This is a one-sentence statement of the main idea of the article.

Main ideas are labeled with Roman numerals

- Outline format
- 1st level

Supporting ideas developing the main ideas are labeled with capital letters, indented.

- Outline format
- 2nd level

Details developing the supporting ideas are labeled with Arabic numbers, indented.

- Outline format
- 3rd level

Minor details developing the details are labeled with small letters, indented.

- Outline format
- 4th level

Mathematics Texts, Business Texts, Social Science Texts, Natural Science Texts, Literature and the Arts

Language and Text Structure Across Disciplines

Mathematics Texts

- easily recognizable because of its unique language features
- use of symbols
- In place of words, Math uses symbols such as "+" for addition and "-" for subtraction
- uses letters with special meanings (x, y, and z) to stand for variable or the unknown

Mathematics Texts

- Notations, numbers, and formulas are typical of math texts
- numbers and expressions, ordinary words could have different meanings
- In math, even short, simple sentences have to be read closely
- Math is an exact, precise language.

Problem-Solution

- dominant structure of math texts
- the reader is expected to come up with the solution

Problem

posed as a question

Answer/ Solution

to which you arrive at by doing any or several math operations

Comparison and Contrast

- another common text structure
- ex. Which has more and by how much? Which is bigger/faster/cheaper?"

Business Text

- has a special vocabulary (jargon)
- jargon: remit, obligate, loan, collateral, interest, stocks, etc.

Business Text

- compound nouns used: tax collection system, company car, price list, bulk buying

Business Text

- must also learn some of the conventions, or established practices, of business writing
- uses a lot of form letters (you have to be familliar with the standard forms (the parts) of a business letter, a memo, minutes of a meeting, a proposal, etc

Standard Parts of Business Communication

date, inside address, the salutation, the body or main purpose of the communication, the complimentary close, etc.

Business Text

- requires cordiality to sustain it, to keep the customer

polite

Even the content is negative (complaint), communication must be ________.

problem-solution, description

common text structures in business communication

Social Science Texts

- also requires knowledge of the jargon