Unit 2: Population & Migration

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Pro-Natalist Policies

the policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate

Expansive policies/ stage 4-5 countries/ gives incentives such as

Anti-Natalist Policies

government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase by discouraging births

Natural Rate Increase(NRI or RNI)

the percentage of growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Total fertlity rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

replacement fertility rate

the fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced (2.1)

zero population growth

when the birth rate equals the death rate or the TFR is the same as the replacement rate

asylum

a refugee who seeks to migrate permanently to another country, due to persecution or life threatening reason

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Immigration

Migration to a new place

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Guest Workers

legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

transnational migration

migration or movement between two countries

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Remittances

Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7.Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Identify 4 physical factors that influence the distribution of human populations.

Climate, landforms, bodies of water, availability of natural resources

Identify 4 human factors that influence the distribution of human populations.

job opportunities, housing availability, access to transportation, access to natural resources

Which country likely has a higher physiological population density, Egypt or France? Why?

Egypt.Compared to France, Egypt has relatively little farmland (arable land) since much of the country is desert(arid land)

Which types of countries have a lower agricultural population density: more developed countries or less developed countries? Why? ​

More developed countries because they utilize advanced farming techniques that require fewer farmers per unit of arable land

Which three countries have the highest total population? ​

China, India, US

What are three economic/social disadvantages of living in areas with less concentrated populations?

Fewer jobs means less opportunities, fewer schools and universities results in less education, fewer hospitals results in limited access to health care

How do we find the NIR of a country?

​CBR-CDR=NIR

Where are newly industrialized countries (NIC) on the DTM? Why?

Between stage 2 and 3. NICs are moving from agricultural economies to manufacturing economies. This results in rapid rural-to-urban migration and more spending on infrastructure. Example: Vietnam

What are two unique characteristics of Stage 5?

CDR goes above the CBR, causing the population to decrease. This happens to advanced societies that must now depend on immigration and pronatalist policies for growth.

How is the Epidemiological Transition Model different from the DTM?

The ETM analyzes development and population growth based on medical advances. Countries in later stages of the ETM have better sanitation,nutrition, and medicine but more diseases associated with aging like cancer and dementia

Why didn’t the world experience a Malthusian catastrophe as population significantly increased?

The agricultural revolutions allowed society to produce more food, and population growth slows as society develops.

Identify three reasons why the total fertility rate falls as countries enter stages 3 and 4 on the DTM.

More access to contraception (more family planning), less need for children as source of income, more women enter the workforce

Identify two reasons why women are more empowered in stage 4 of the DTM?

College education more common, Society views them as equals to everyone else in society. Allowing for women to run for political office,move up in the private sector, and have every opportunity that men have.

What is the difference between internally displaced persons and refugees?

IDPs are people who were forced to leave their home, due to life threatening conditions, however, they do not cross an international boundary. Refugees flee their home due to life threatening conditions and do cross an international boundary.

What type of agriculture would best match with transhumance migration?

pastoral nomadism

Characteristics Stage 1 Country in DTM

* High birth rate
* High death rate
* Low population growth rate
* Short life expectancy
* High infant mortality rate
* Agricultural-based economy
* Lack of modern technology
* Limited healthcare access
* High prevalence of infectious diseases
* Low literacy rate
* NO COUNTRIES TODAY
* Pop Pyramid looks like a very skinny pyramid

Characteristics stage 2 country in DTM

Most of Sub Saharan Africa and Asia/Periphery Countries

Pop Pyramid=Christmas tree/pyramid

Country in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) are characterized by high birth rates and high death rates. These countries have a predominantly agricultural economy and low levels of industrialization. They also have limited access to healthcare and education, leading to low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates. Examples of countries in stage 2 of the DTM include Afghanistan, Chad, and Yemen.

Characteristics of stage 3 country in DTM

* Moderate birth rates
* Declining death rates
* Increasing population growth
* Shift from agriculture to industry
* Urbanization and migration
* Improved healthcare and technology
* Semi-Periphery/most of Latin America
* pop pyramid=Hershey kiss

Characteristics of stage 4 country in DTM

* Stage 4 country in DTM has low birth and death rates
* It has a stable population and a high life expectancy
* The country has a developed economy and advanced healthcare
* Urbanization and service sector dominate the economy
* The population growth is slow or stagnant due to family planning and education
* Example: USA, UK, Core Countries

Ravenstein Laws of Migration

1. Most migrants move short distances.
2. Migration proceeds step by step.
3. Migrants go to urban areas.
4. Each migration flow produces a counterflow.
5. Most migrants are adults.
6. Most international migrants are young males.
7. Most migrants are from rural areas.
8. Economic factors are the main reason for migration.
9. Political and social factors also cause migration.
10. Migrants maintain ties with their place of origin.

How does dependency ratio impact a population?

It is a large amount of people not working, earning an income, or paying taxes Therefore, the working population must support them…usually by paying higher taxes

4 largest clusters of Population

East Asia, South Asia, SE Asia, W. Europe

How do we measure population density?

arithmetic, physiological, Agricultural

Consequences of High Population density

impact access to housing, jobs, water, services such as hospitals, police, sanitation etc..Competition for jobs, representation in government (political), carrying capacity (environmental)

How do geographers calculate growth & decline?

1. TFR/CBR

2. Life expectancy/CDR/IMR

3. Migration

Population growth rate

Births-Deaths+Immigrants-Emigrants

Replacement rate 2.1

Where is most of the population growth occurring?

LDC’s (stage 2)

Why? agricultural societies need more children for labor/ advancements in food production, medicine, and sanitation allowing people to live longer/ lack of women empowerment and education

Case study: Refugees seeking asylum

Anti-Communists from fleeing Cuba to US /1.2 million Cubans granted asylum

Case Study: IDP’s

Hurricane Katrina created more than 1 million IDP’s in US after it hit Louisiana

Case Study: Guest Workers

Bracero Program in US / 4.6 million Mexicans came to US to work during WW II

Qatar: to build World Cup stadium

Types of Voluntary Migration

1. Transnational

2. Transhumance

3. Internal

4. Chain

5. Step

6. Rural to Urban

Types of Forced Migration

1. refugees

2. IDP’s

3. Asylum Seekers

4. Enslaved Persons

Effects of Migration

1. Economic: (receiving country) immigrants are a source of labor/ they open businesses (origin country) decrease in unemployment/remittances/ brain drain

2. Social: (receiving country) Cultural contributions (food, language, art) Demographic Change (stage 4-5 countries)/ (origin country) creates a dependency ratio as young males leave to find work in another country

3. Political: Immigration laws/Chinese Exclusion Act/Immigration Quotas in the 1920”s