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Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Pro-Natalist Policies
the policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate
Expansive policies/ stage 4-5 countries/ gives incentives such as
Anti-Natalist Policies
government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase by discouraging births
Natural Rate Increase(NRI or RNI)
the percentage of growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit area of arable land
Total fertlity rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
replacement fertility rate
the fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced (2.1)
zero population growth
when the birth rate equals the death rate or the TFR is the same as the replacement rate
asylum
a refugee who seeks to migrate permanently to another country, due to persecution or life threatening reason
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Emigration
movement of individuals out of an area
Immigration
Migration to a new place
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
Guest Workers
legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country.
transnational migration
migration or movement between two countries
refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Remittances
Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries.
step migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7.Migration is mostly due to economic causes.
intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
intervening opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
Identify 4 physical factors that influence the distribution of human populations.
Climate, landforms, bodies of water, availability of natural resources
Identify 4 human factors that influence the distribution of human populations.
job opportunities, housing availability, access to transportation, access to natural resources
Which country likely has a higher physiological population density, Egypt or France? Why?
Egypt.Compared to France, Egypt has relatively little farmland (arable land) since much of the country is desert(arid land)
Which types of countries have a lower agricultural population density: more developed countries or less developed countries? Why?
More developed countries because they utilize advanced farming techniques that require fewer farmers per unit of arable land
Which three countries have the highest total population?
China, India, US
What are three economic/social disadvantages of living in areas with less concentrated populations?
Fewer jobs means less opportunities, fewer schools and universities results in less education, fewer hospitals results in limited access to health care
How do we find the NIR of a country?
CBR-CDR=NIR
Where are newly industrialized countries (NIC) on the DTM? Why?
Between stage 2 and 3. NICs are moving from agricultural economies to manufacturing economies. This results in rapid rural-to-urban migration and more spending on infrastructure. Example: Vietnam
What are two unique characteristics of Stage 5?
CDR goes above the CBR, causing the population to decrease. This happens to advanced societies that must now depend on immigration and pronatalist policies for growth.
How is the Epidemiological Transition Model different from the DTM?
The ETM analyzes development and population growth based on medical advances. Countries in later stages of the ETM have better sanitation,nutrition, and medicine but more diseases associated with aging like cancer and dementia
Why didn’t the world experience a Malthusian catastrophe as population significantly increased?
The agricultural revolutions allowed society to produce more food, and population growth slows as society develops.
Identify three reasons why the total fertility rate falls as countries enter stages 3 and 4 on the DTM.
More access to contraception (more family planning), less need for children as source of income, more women enter the workforce
Identify two reasons why women are more empowered in stage 4 of the DTM?
College education more common, Society views them as equals to everyone else in society. Allowing for women to run for political office,move up in the private sector, and have every opportunity that men have.
What is the difference between internally displaced persons and refugees?
IDPs are people who were forced to leave their home, due to life threatening conditions, however, they do not cross an international boundary. Refugees flee their home due to life threatening conditions and do cross an international boundary.
What type of agriculture would best match with transhumance migration?
pastoral nomadism
Characteristics Stage 1 Country in DTM
High birth rate
High death rate
Low population growth rate
Short life expectancy
High infant mortality rate
Agricultural-based economy
Lack of modern technology
Limited healthcare access
High prevalence of infectious diseases
Low literacy rate
NO COUNTRIES TODAY
Pop Pyramid looks like a very skinny pyramid
Characteristics stage 2 country in DTM
Most of Sub Saharan Africa and Asia/Periphery Countries
Pop Pyramid=Christmas tree
Country in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) are characterized by high birth rates and high death rates. These countries have a predominantly agricultural economy and low levels of industrialization. They also have limited access to healthcare and education, leading to low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates. Examples of countries in stage 2 of the DTM include Afghanistan, Chad, and Yemen.
Characteristics of stage 3 country in DTM
Moderate birth rates
Declining death rates
Increasing population growth
Shift from agriculture to industry
Urbanization and migration
Improved healthcare and technology
Semi-Periphery/most of Latin America
pop pyramid=Hershey kiss
Characteristics of stage 4 country in DTM
Stage 4 country in DTM has low birth and death rates
It has a stable population and a high life expectancy
The country has a developed economy and advanced healthcare
Urbanization and service sector dominate the economy
The population growth is slow or stagnant due to family planning and education
Example: USA, UK, Core Countries
Ravenstein Laws of Migration
Most migrants move short distances.
Migration proceeds step by step.
Migrants go to urban areas.
Each migration flow produces a counterflow.
Most migrants are adults.
Most international migrants are young males.
Most migrants are from rural areas.
Economic factors are the main reason for migration.
Political and social factors also cause migration.
Migrants maintain ties with their place of origin.
How does dependency ratio impact a population?
It is a large amount of people not working, earning an income, or paying taxes Therefore, the working population must support them…usually by paying higher taxes
4 largest clusters of Population
East Asia, South Asia, SE Asia, W. Europe
How do we measure population density?
arithmetic, physiological, Agricultural
Consequences of High Population density
impact access to housing, jobs, water, services such as hospitals, police, sanitation etc..Competition for jobs, representation in government (political), carrying capacity (environmental)
How do geographers calculate growth & decline?
TFR/CBR
Life expectancy/CDR/IMR
Migration
Population growth rate
Births-Deaths+Immigrants-Emigrants
Replacement rate 2.1
Where is most of the population growth occurring?
LDC’s (stage 2)
Why? agricultural societies need more children for labor/ advancements in food production, medicine, and sanitation allowing people to live longer/ lack of women empowerment and education
Case study: Refugees seeking asylum
Anti-Communists from fleeing Cuba to US /1.2 million Cubans granted asylum
Case Study: IDP’s
Hurricane Katrina created more than 1 million IDP’s in US after it hit Louisiana
Case Study: Guest Workers
Bracero Program in US / 4.6 million Mexicans came to US to work during WW II
Qatar: to build World Cup stadium
Types of Voluntary Migration
Transnational
Transhumance
Internal
Chain
Step
Rural to Urban
Types of Forced Migration
refugees
IDP’s
Asylum Seekers
Enslaved Persons
Effects of Migration
Economic: (receiving country) immigrants are a source of labor/ they open businesses (origin country) decrease in unemployment/remittances/ brain drain
Social: (receiving country) Cultural contributions (food, language, art) Demographic Change (stage 4-5 countries)/ (origin country) creates a dependency ratio as young males leave to find work in another country
Political: Immigration laws/Chinese Exclusion Act/Immigration Quotas in the 1920”s
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