Chapter 18: Shaping

Terminal behavior

* Behavior not in the repertoire

* or not occurring at the desired frequency;

* the goal of the intervention.

Operant level

* The frequency of responding before reinforcement.

Initial behavior

* Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior

* along some meaningful dimension

* and occurs at least with a minimal frequency.

Intermediate behavior

* Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior.

Shaping with reinforcement

* The differential reinforcement of only the behavior

* that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Shaping with punishment

* The differential punishment of all behavior

* except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Fixed-outcome shaping

* Shaping that involves no change in the value of the reinforcer,

* as performance more and more closely resembles

* the terminal behavior.

Variable-outcome shaping

* Shaping that involves a change in the value of the reinforcer,

* as performance more and more closely resembles

* the terminal behavior.