Pathophysiology Chapter 7: Key Terminology and Definitions

renal capsule

connective tissue covering the external surface of the kidney

renal cortex

outer layer of the kidney (below the connective tissue)

renal artery

artery that supplies the kidneys with blood

function of the kidneys

eliminate wastes from the blood, regulate body water concentration, regulate blood pressure, maintain blood pH

ureter

transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urinary bladder

stores urine; contracts to eliminate stored urine

urethra

transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

word for urination

micturition

True or false? Diet is the primary cause of the development of kidney stones.

False

True or false? The kidneys are the organs primarily responsible for maintaining appropriate sodium levels.

True

True or false? Acute Renal Failure can be caused by pre-renal problems with blood flow such as dehydration or sepsis.

True

The kidneys regulate the body's ______ by conserving bicarbonate and eliminating hydrogen ions.

pH

True or false? Normal urine contains metabolic wastes, plasma proteins, and glucose molecules.

False

True or false? Consequences of chronic kidney disease include fluid and electrolyte imbalances, skeletal disorders, and alterations in cardiovascular function.

True

True or false? Renal calculi can usually be attributed to a high-salt diet.

True

True or false? Hydronephrosis has to do with the atropy of a kidney that is no longer working.

False

True or false? Chronic renal failure can lead to anemia.

True

True or false? The loop of Henle plays a key role in the production of concentrated or diluted urine.

True

pyelonephritis

a urinary tract infection that moves up to the kidneys, with the kidney parenchyma or renal pelvis becoming infected

True or false? The respiratory system is capable of compensating for acid base imbalances that originate in the kidneys.

True

True or false? The glomerular filtration rate can be used as a measure of the efficiency of kidney function.

True

True or false? The effectiveness of dialysis treatment declines significantly over time.

False

True or false? Other diseases such as hypertension can lead to chronic renal failure.

True

True or false? Success rates of kidney transplantation have declined in recent decades.

False

True or false? Polycystic kidney disease is most commonly an inherited disorder.

True

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane creates ______ pressure.

osmotic

True or false? The kidneys are responsible for the elimination of numerous drugs.

True

The basic functional units of the kidneys are the ______.

nephrons

how much urine output does the kidney produce a day?

1.5 L

dysgenesis

failure of an organ to develop normally

which organ secretes erythropoietin

kidneys

what is a healthy gravity of urine?

1.030 - 1.040

agenesis

the complete failure of an organ to develop

hypoplasia

failure of an organ to reach normal size

stress incontinence

involuntary loss of urine during coughing, laughing, sneezing

urge incontinence

involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void

overflow incontinence

Involuntary loss of urine that occurs when intravesicular pressure exceeds the maximal urethral pressure because of bladder distention in the absence of detrusor activity

mixed incontinence

combination of stress and urge incontinence

functional incontinence

physical or behavioral issue that does not allow a person to get to the restroom and urinate appropriately

interstitial cystitis

a painful inflammation of the bladder wall caused by a bladder tissue defect

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder caused by a UTI

how to prevent a UTI

proper wiping, clean under foreskin, increase hydration, cotton underwear, don't hold it, pee after sex

3 causes of obstruction or retention

prostate obstruction, prolapse, foreign body (e.g. tumor, stones)

benign prostatic hyperplasia

enlargement of the prostate gland, causes hypertrophy of detrusor muscle

detrusor muscle

the smooth muscle layers of the urinary bladder

Wilms tumor

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

kidney stones are 90% likely to be what type of mineral?

calcium

cystic disease of the kidney

fluid filled sacs or segments of a dilated nephron

polycystic kidney disease

genetic disorder causing fluid filled sacs on the kidneys, enlarging and inhibiting function

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli, impairs kidneys' ability to excrete waste and excess fluid

nephrotic syndrome

excretion of excessive amounts of protein

pre-renal causes of ARF

hypovolemia (dehydration), decreased vascular filling, heart failure

infra-renal causes of ARF

rhabdomyolysis (necrosis of the muscle that is moved to the blood stream)

post-renal causes of ARF

bilateral ureteral obstruction, bladder outlet obstruction (e.g. large kidney stones)

phases of AKI

1. asymptomatic

2. oliguric (impaired GFR)

3. diuretic (function gradually returns but because of leaky tubular damage)

4. recovery (full function is slowly regained)

chronic kidney disease

kidney damage for 3 months or longer