Studied by 22 people
Reciprocal Determinism
Environment affects the person, person reacts, influences environment
Drive Reduction Theory
Theory that our behavior is driven by biological needs (food, water, shelter) and we seek homeostasis
Drive
Impulse to act in a way that satisfies a need
Primary Drive
A biological need (hunger, thrist)
Secondary Drive
Learned Drive (money can get you food / shelter)
Arousal Theory
Theory that we seek an optimum level of excitement / arousal → each person has different needs
People perform best under optimum level of arousal
Yerkes Dodson Law
Performance makes a bell curve from low to high arousal
Opponent Process Theory
This theory is Often used to explain addictive behaviors
People are usually in a normal / baseline state. Moving out of it (ex. smoking) may be pleasurable at first
Eventually feel an opponent process: motivation to return back to baseline state
Ex. Person may be uncomfortable without nicotine → motivation to smoke more
Incentive Theory
This theory states that sometimes behavior is pushed by a desire
Incentives: Stimuli that we are draw to due to learning → associate stimuli with rewards or punishment
Motivation for reward (ie motivate by good test score so study alone because friends are distracting)
Incentives
Stimuli that we are draw to due to learning → associate stimuli with rewards or punishment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Biological Needs are satisfied first
Then, love and self esteem (emotional needs)
Finally, attain life goals like satisfaction
Self-Actualization: Need to fulfill unique potential as a person
* More basic needs need to be met before moving the the next level
Does not explain behaviors like putting your life before someone else’s
Lateral Hypothalamus
This part of the brain is the Hunger center → stimulation = animal easts
Destruction = destruction of hunger → starvation
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
This part of the brain is the Satiety center: stimulation = stop eating
Destruction = eat and gaining lots of weight
Normal functioning: 2 areas oppose each other and signal when to start/stop eating
Set-Point Theory
How the hypothalamus decides which signal to send
Hypothalamus wants to maintain optimum body weight → not all psychologists agree
Below = should eat. Lower metabolic rate(how quickly the body uses energy)
Stop eating when a certain point is reached and metabolic rate rises to burn extra food
Metabolic Rate
How quickly the body uses energy
Externals
people more motivated to eat by external food cues (attractiveness and availability)
Internals
respond more often to natural body cues when it comes to hunger
Garcia Effect
Some foods bring back unpleasant memories of being sick → unappetizing
Culture and background also affects preferences
Bulimia
Eating disorder: Large amount of food in short time (binging) and vomit, excessive exercise, or take laxatives (purging)
Obsessed with food and weight: Majority are women. Average or slightly overweight
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder: Starve below 85% body weight and refuse to eat. Vast majority are women
Cultures have different rates of eating disorders → different emphasis on body weight
U.S. has the highest E.D. rates. History of EDs in family = higher risk
Achievement Motivation
Examines desire to master complex tasks and knowledge and to reach personal goals
Humans are motivated to figure out the world and master skills
Some people have high achievement motivation and consistently feel motivated to seek challenges, but it varies with each person
Extrinsic
These motivators are rewards for accomplishments outside ourselves (such as grades or salary)
Intrinsic
These motivators are Internal rewards such as enjoyment or satisfaction
Theory X
Management Theory:
Employees work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
Theory Y
Management Theory:
Employees motivated to do good work by themselves
Approach-Approach Conflict
A motive conflict where one Must choose between two desirable conflicts
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A motive conflict where one must choose between two unattractive outcomes (ie clean room or garage)
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A motive conflict where One event/goal has both a good and bad feature (ie get ice cream but lactose intolerant)
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
A motive conflict where one must choose between 2+ things that have good/bad outcomes (ie which college to attend)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
This suggests that physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. Essentially, emotions stem from your interpretation of your physical sensations. For example, your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize that you are afraid.
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
This states that the lower part of the brain, also called the thalamus, controls your experience of emotion. At the same time, the higher part of the brain, also called the cortex, controls the expression of emotion. It is believed that these two parts of the brain react simultaneously\
Biological changes and cognitive awareness of one’s emotional state must occur simultaneously (thalamus)
Two-Factor Theory
By Stanley Schachter, a theory about emotion: Physical response and cognitive label (mental interpretation) = emotional response
Stressors
Life events that cause stress
Stress Reactions
How people react to stressors, or changes in their environment
SRRS / Social Readjustment Rating Scale
by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
Measures stress in Life Changing Units
Life Changing Units / LCU
The SRRS by Thomas Holmes measures stress in these units. Good and bad events are equated and raise the score
Selye’s General Adapatation Syndrome / GAS
three-stage process that describes the physiological changes your body goes through when under stress. General response humans and animals have to an event
Alarm reaction = higher heart rate and blood redirects to muscles, organism is ready for a challenge
Resistance: Body is ready and hormones are released to maintain the state. Body depletes resources
Exhaustion: Return to normal → More vulnerable because body is depleted
Alarm Reaction
Part of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
higher heart rate and blood redirects to muscles, organism is ready for a challenge
Resistance
Part of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Body is ready and hormones are released to maintain the state. Body depletes resources
Exhaustion
Part of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Return to normal → More vulnerable because body is depleted
Percieved Control
Perceived lack of control over events increases the harmful effects of stress.
Control lowers stress even if the amount of original stress is the same
Type A
This personality type is known as “work hard, play hard”
Type B
This personality type is relaxed and easygoing
Identification
Defense mechanism: become attached or take traits of the agressor
Id
This part of Freud’s unconscious follows the pleasure principle and exists from birth. It looks for immediate gratification
Ego
This part of Freud’s unconscious develops at age 2 or 3, after the id. It follows the reality principle and negotiates between the desires of the id and the limits of the superego
Eros
According to Freud’s personality theory, the life instincts
Thatanos
According to Freud’s personality theory, the death instincts
Libido
According to Freud’s personality theory, the force that controls instincts
Defense Mechanisms
According to Freud’s personality theory, these behaviors allow us to deal with something unpleasant happening. These are unconscious strategies to protect from harmful thoughts or feelings
Repression
A defense mechanism:
Blocking thoughts from conscious awareness
Denial
A defense mechanism:
Not accepting the ego-threatening truth
Displacement
A defense mechanism:
Moving your emotions onto another object or person
Projection
A defense mechanism:
Thinking that your feelings towards someone are felt by them too
Reaction Formation
A defense mechanism:
Claiming to feel the opposite of what one actually does
Regression
A defense mechanism:
Returning to an earlier comforting behavior such as a stuffed animal
Rationalization
A defense mechanism:
Coming up with a beneficial result from the unpleasant experience
Intellecutalization
A defense mechanism:
Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic
Sublimation
A defense mechanism:
Channeling frustration towards a different, more socially acceptable goal, such as excersize
Personal Unconscious
Part of Carl Jung’s Psychodynamic theory:
This concept is similar to Freud’s equivalent: painful or repressed memories that are known as complexes
Complexes
Part of Carl Jung’s Psychodynamic theory: painful or repressed memories stored in the personal unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Part of Carl Jung’s Psychodynamic theory:
This information is passed down through a species and contains archetypes: universal concepts for all humans that lead to cultural similarities
Archetypes
universal concepts for all humans that lead to cultural similarities
Inferiority, Superiority
According to Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, people are driven by ______ (fear of failure), and _______ (desire to achieve)
Nomothietic
A type of approach for trait theorists:
The same basic set of traits can describe an entire personality
Hans Eysenck
This person believed that everyone can be classified on an introvert/extrovert scale
Big Five
OCEAN
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae thought of these personality traits as being able to define everyone:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Factor Analysis
Using correlations between traits to see which ones cluster together
Idiographic
This approach in trait theorists says that defining everyone under the same traits is not possible: everyone is different
Cardinal Dispositions
Part of Gordon Allport’s personality theory:
some people are influenced almost completely by one trait
Central Dispositions
Part of Gordon Allport’s personality theory:
some people are influenced mainly by a few traits
Secondary Dispositions
Part of Gordon Allport’s personality theory:
These are less effective than central dispositions but are still important
Somatotype Theory
by William Sheldon
Largely unnacurate theory about endomorphs (fat people, friendly, outgoing), mesomorphs (muscular people, determined), and ectomorphs (thin people, shy) and their personality traits
Triadic Reciprocality / Reciprocal Determinism
Albert Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality:
Personality comes from the interaction between traits, environment, and behavior
Self-Efficacy
Confidence in your ability to get things done
Personal-Construct Theory
George Kelly’s Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality:
Personality comes from using constructs to understand the world (fair vs unfair, smart vs dumb)
Fundamental Postulate
The idea that behavior is influenced by cognition and you can predict future behavior by looking at the past
Locus of Control
Julian Rotter theorized that people have an internal or external _______
Internal: responsibility for what happens to them: hard work leads to success
External: Luck or external factors decide fate
Determinism
The idea that the future is dictate by what happens in the past. In other words, it is only possible for you to make a single choice
Self-Concept
Global feeling about oneself
Unconditional Positive Regard
Blanket Acceptance needed to self-actualize
Projective
These types of tests use interpretation of ambiguous stimuli (Rorschach inkblot and thematic apperception)
Barnum Effect
The idea that people see themselves in vague, stock descriptions
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