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What percantage of the population were the nobility?
Less than 5%
How many nobility were there in 1633?
122
What are examples of the nobility’s maintained wealth?
.The Marquis of Newcastle donated £900,000 to royalist cause in 1642
.Earl of Worcester donated £700,000 to royalist cause in 1642.
How was the nobility’s poltical power reduced?
No House of Lords from March 1649 and from 1653 a gentryman was head of state
How much did some nobility family fortunes decline to?
As little as £200 a year
What did many nobility manage to establish by 1688?
Town houses or London residences as well as country seats.
What percentage of power and land was controlled by the nobility?
15%
How much did the gentry class grow to?
15,000 in total (300% increase)
What was the divide between higher and lesser gentry?
3000 higher and 12000 lesser
How many gentry did Yorkshire have?
256 higher gentry and 323 lesser gentry out a population of more than 300,000
Who are important gentry figures?
Hampden, Pym, Cromwell, Monck
What percentage of power and land was controlled by the gentry?
50%/1/2
How many merchants were trading by 1688
64,000 in 1688 compared to 30,000 in 1580
How could merchants make their way into the gentry?
Knighthoods for commercial success
Who recieved a Knightood for commercial success?
Sir Robert Dudley North for his business in Turkey
What are examples of sectors for professionals which developed as a result of the higher population of gentry and merchants?
Legal services, healthcare, buildings and education
What did lawyers increase to during the 17th century?
120 barristers in the 16th century compared to 200 in the first half of the 17th
What did Medical theories argue about women?
Explained and justified the view of inferiority due to them being physically weaker and having smaller brains so education was unimportant
What was used to justify misogyny?
The Bible with its potrayal of women e.g The Original Sin
What was the proper role of women seen as?
Married, looking after home and children while beeing meek and subserviant to their husbands
How was men’s sexual misdemeanor seen as less than a women’s?
The 1650 adultery act:
.Middlesex- 24 women vs 12 men tried for adultery
.Devon- Men made up only 10% of 255 charged between 1650-60
Why was the Marriage Act of 1653 largely ignored?
It didn’t give men as many rights over their wives as church marriages did
How many businesses on Pudding Lane were owned by women in September 1666?
6 of the 22
Where was there the ‘Women’s market’?
In the centre of Leicester
Who was Aphra Behn?
The first female professional playwriter who earned a living from writing
What could wives of landowners or gentryment do?
Act as esstate managers alongside their husbands or direct servants and staff
What could wives of farmers, labourers and craftsmens do?
Take a role in family economy as well as carrying out physical work.
What are examples of women who managed estates during the civil war?
.Brilliana Harley defended her family estate in Hertfordshire
.Lucy Hutchinson managed the estate of her parliamentary husband colonel
.Mary Banks commanded troops in defence of Corfe Castle
How many female prophets were there in the 1640s and 50s?
An estimated 300
What did Katherine Chidley do?
Argued for women to have the write to preach and wrote the first publication under a women’s name advocating for religious toleration.
What was lifted by Charles II after the restoration of the monarchy?
The legal restriction of women performing in stage plays
What did Bridget Bendish do?
Grandaughter of Oliver Cromwell- She managed a saltpan and refinery in East Anglia in the Restoration Period
What did Quakers believe about women?
Quakers believed women were spiritually redeemed from their subjugation by the crucifixion
How did Quakers involve women in their practices?
Women held seperate meetings as well as mixed meetings and Quakers advocated for women’s education.
How many schools for girls did Quakers found?
They founded 4 out of the 15 before 1671
What percentage of the population were Quakers in 1680?
1%
Who argued for the continuation of seperate women’s activities in 1676?
George Fox
What was the basic principle for the Original Poor Laws?
Those unable to work because of other factors should be given relief (Deserving Poor) and those who could work but didn’t should be punished (Undeserving Poor)
How did the Act of 1601 work?
Overseers of the poor were in charge of collecting poor relief taxes as well as deciding who should recieve relief. Provisions made to compel people to pay poor relief.
How many Overseers were there by 1640?
1,400
When was the Book of Orders issued to all JPs?
1631
Why was the Book of Orders issued?
Following the poor harvest of 1629 and 1630 due to the expectation that more people would be reliant on poor relief.
What percentage of poor who travelled through Salisburg had travelled over 100 miles by 1660?
22%
What was the average wage for a labourer?
£10 per annum
What is an example of generous individuals?
Sir Hugh Cholmondley left gifts of food to the poor twice a week from the gates of his manor house in the 1630s
What did the Settlement Act of 1662 provide?
Settlement certificates which were necessary to leave a parish as it would guarantee a parish would pay for the return if they were to need poor relief
How long would a poor person need to remain in a parish for them to be entitled to poor relief?
40 days, however if a complaint was made in the 40 days they could be sent to their original parish
What was the definition of a poor person given in the act?
A person renting property worth less than £40
What were the punishments for vagrancy in the 1662 Act?
Committed to workhouses or prisons with the most severe punishment being transportation for 7 years
How much was rewarded for apprehending a vagrant or begger?
2 shillings (10p)
How much did the Settlement Act of 1662 provide ofr a large poorhouse in London?
£4000 but by 1669 it was rumoured parts of it had been turned into an alehouse.
What did Thomas Firmin do to help the poor?
London businessman who began employing the poor in cloth-making from 1665 and opened a factory employing 1700
Where were philanthropic businesses made?
Operations involving poor children were active in Norwich, Bristol and Newcastle
An example of petitions which show that not all who met the criteria recieved the help they needed
John Gleave in March 1678 petitioned for poor relief as his pregnant wife and 3 children were sleeping rough, however his petition was rejected.
What was the population increase from 1520 to 1680?
2.5m to 5m
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