computer science I midterm

program

set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a certain task

CPU

part of the computer that runs the program; fetches instructions and produces some result

parts of the CPU

control unit and ALU

ALU (arithmetic and logic unit)

perform math operations

control unit

retieves and decodes program instructions and coordinates computer operations

three parts of a program

input, processing, output

main memory

holds both instructions and data

secondary storage

type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time

three things that make the program run

preprocessor, compiler, linker

volatile memory

temporary (ex. RAM)

low-level language

resembles numeric language of the computer

high-level language

close to human-readibility

algorithim

a set of well-defined steps for performing a task or solving a problem

operating system software

program that manage the computer software and runs on the compute

computer

programmable machine designed to follow instructions

main components of hardware

CPU, main memory (RAM), secondary storage devices, input devices, output devices

smallest to biggest piece of memory

bit, byte, word

application software

programs that provide services to the user

common elements in programming

key words, programmer-defined identifiers, operators, punctuation, syntax

variable

named location in computer memory

structured programming

-divide problem into smaller subproblems

-implementing a structured design

object-oriented programming

-specify relevat data and possible operations to be performed on that data

-each object consists of data and operations on that data

-combines data and operations into a single unit

namespace

organizes the names of program entities

cout

console output

vaiables provide interface to where?

RAM

literal

piece of data written directly into a program’s code (characters, strings, numbers, anything not a key word)

identifier rules

• made up of letters, numbers, and _

• must start with alphabet character or _ character

c++ variable types

bool, char, int, float, double

c++ integer data types

short, int, long

c++ floating-point data types

float, double, long double

unsigned

program never needs negative numbers

decimal

base 10

hexadecimal

base 16; place a 0x before it

octal

base 8; place a 0 before it

notation for floating-point values

E notation or fixed point (decimal) notation

data types for floating-point numbers

float, double, long double

true number value

one

false number value

zero

variables’ scope

part of the program that has access to the bariable

three types of operators

unary, binary, ternary

#include

inserts the contents of another file into the program

L

store an integer in a long memory location

\0

null terminator at the end of every string

sizeof()

gives the size of number of bytes

floating-point divided by any number equals

a floating point

file that must be included to use cout

iostream

comments

notes of eplanation that document lines or sections of a program

«

feeds the data into the cout

»

feeds user input to variable

pow(double x,y)

exponent function

type coercian

conversion of the operands of the same type (promoted vs. demoted)

hierchary of data types

1. long double

2. double

3. float

4. unsigned long

5. long

6. unsigned int

7. int

8. unsigned short

9. short

10. char

static_cast<dataType>

how to change the type

setw()

prints spaces

setprecision()

sets numbe of sig digs you want

cin.ignore()

ignores the newline character (null terminator) after previous entered variable

array

group of memory cells

order of operations

1. negatives

2. multiplication, divison, modules

3. addition, subtraction

char, short, and unsigned short are promoted to

int

the ___ variable gets converted to the one on the _____

right; left

#define

do not occupy memory location; works as a text substitution

iomanip

header file for controlling how output is displayed

c-string

stores characters in an array

strcpy()

how to assign a value to c-string later

srand()

initializes random number generator with unsigned int “seed”

flag

a variable that signals a condition

logical precedence

! && ||

operators precedence

arithmetic relational logical

variables defined inside curly brackets

local or block scope

expr1 ? expr2 : expr3;

2 if 1 is true; 3 if 1 is false

short circuit

when to use prefix mode?

when you want the increment to occur first

do-while loops perform at least ____ iteration before checking the condition

one

toupper()

changes it to uppercase

break

terminates execution of the loop

continue

causes the code to skip this interation and go to the next one

sentinel

indicates end of loop

ifstream infile

input

ofstream outfile

output

size of an array

number of bytes * number of elements

another way to initialize a variable

variableType value(VALUE)

for(dataType name : array){

}

range-based for loop

how to access data from file

ifstream infile;
infile.open()

if(!infile){}

else { infile _____}

parallel arrays

building relationships between data stored in two or more arrays

array vs. vector

-size not needed
-automatcally adjusts itself
-can initialize a vector in another

how to declare a vector

vector<type> name

pop_back()

removes last element from vector

push_back(value)

adding a value to the vector

pop_back()

removes a value from the vector

function that doesn’t return anything

void

compiler needs to know what about the function?

name, return type, number of parameters, data type of parameters

function prototype

notifies the compiler about a function

prototype formation

returnType nameOfFunction(argument)

static

preserves local variables when function terminates

example of secondary storage device

disk drive

machine language

language that computer really processes

portability

program’s ability to run on several toes of systemsq

punctuation

marks the beginning and end of sentences

input

info from the outside world