Studied by 2 people
The Spectator
British scholarly journal that spread enlightened ideas
Cato’s Letters
Series of essays by Trenchard and Gordon denouncing political corruption in England
Bartholomew Diaz
1488- Sailed around “cape of good hope”
Vasco da Gamma
1498- Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India
Perdo Cabral
1500- Landed on bulge of South America- established Portuguese claim in the New World (Brazil)
Christopher Columbus
1492- Western route to Japan; landed in Bahamas instead. Wrote about his findings in the New World. Insisted the New World was actually Asia
Amerigo Vespucci
1499- Voyage along the coast of Brazil, declared that it was indeed a “New World” he saw, not Asia
Treaty of Tordesillas
Pope Alexander split up South America for Portuguese and Spanish conquests, called the Line of Demarcation
Ferdinand Magellan
Attempted to sail around the world, killed in PH by Lapu-Lapu, but one of his vessels made it back to Spain, completing the first voyage around the world
Hernando Cortez
led conquest over the Aztec Empire, or Mexicas. Mistaken for a white-skinned deity, who was supposed to come one day to rule
Fransisco Pizarro
Penetrated and conquered Inca Empire
Giovanni Verrazano
Sent by King Francis, claimed much of the East Coast of USA
Martin Luther
First to break away from Catholic Church with his 95 Theses, head of Lutheran Church, majority of followers go to Germany and Holland (religious freedom)
King Henry VIII
Broke away from Catholic Church to get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Also had syphilis, could not easily procreate. Created Anglican Church
Mary Tudor
Catholic queen, persecuted Protestants, earning nickname “Bloody Mary”
Elizabeth I
“The Virgin Queen”- daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, excelled at keeping peace between opposing sides, helped England rise to power
Privateers
English sea captains who were employed to chip away at Spanish American monopoly
Francis Drake
English privateer, sailed around Straights of Magellan and attacked unsuspecting Spanish ports
Ireland
Reformation brought division between Catholic (Ireland) and Protestant (English), English adopted “Kill them all” method of colonization, first overseas English colony
Roanoke
Modern day Kitty Hawk/Manniao, Elizabeth sent Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh, failed colony
Walter Raleigh
Established first English Colony in New World- Called it Virginia, after the Virgin Queen. Landed on Roanoke Island, failed to survive past 3 years
Spanish Armada
130 Spanish ships amounting 2400 guns and 30000 men. Defeated by English fleet. Spain barely affected by collapse, still dominating the industry being built in the New World
Mercantilism
Systemized by Thomas Mun; governments establish colonies for raw materials, manufacture in mother countries, sell back to colonies and other powerful mother countries. Import as little as possible, export as much as possible
English Colonies
means of reducing dependence on foreign countries: addressing overpopulation on the island, need for raw materials,
Appeals of New World
Offered a safe haven for religious persecution, opportunity to escape poverty, escape Enclosure Movement
Enclosure Movement
Lords have less need for serfs, displaced serfs and servants
Private Enterprise (joint-stock companies)
Muscovy Company: trade with Russia, furs and forest products
Levant Company: English imports from Mediterranean
Guinea Company: African Goods (not enslaved people)
East India Company: Indian goods, tea
London Company
Virginia Company, southern states, used for tobacco
Plymouth company
nothern states, led by Puritans,
Starving Time
Winter of 1608, Virginians lack food and resources, cannot grow any because it’s winter
Tobacco
Virginia company’s economic saviour, cultivated by John Rolfe
John Rolfe
married Pocohontas, daughter of Powahatan chief, experimented with West Indian tobacco
Headright System
A system where English immigrants would pay for the voyage from England to the New World in exchange for 7 years’ worth of labour
Indentured Servitude
Debtors work to pay off their debt, approx. ¾ of English immigrants came by indentured servitude
Black Slavery
favorable to indentured servitude because there was a pre-existing market, identifiable, and permanent, unlike indentured servitude
Puritan
believed God chose who went to Heaven before birth
believed there was no such thing as free will
To live among sin invites God’s wrath
Speedwell and Mayflower
Ships that brought the Pilgrims to Massechusets Bay
Mayflower Compact
Just and equal laws
Majority binding vote
Popular Sovereignty
John Calvin
Theologist who created Puritanism
John Winthrop
1st governor of Mass. Bay, declared Mass. as “City Upon a Hill,” a city to emulate
Roger Williams
Religious tolerance, founded Rhode Island, Puritan preacher, pay Natives for stolen land, all men could vote, separation of church and state
Anne Hutchinson
Puritan preacher, mother of 12, studied the Bible, challenged Puritan political control of Massechusets, killed in NY
John Wheelright
minister who settled in New Hampshire
Thomas Hooker
founded Connecticut, thought Mass. was too lax with the Church
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
first constitution, settlers did not ask King for permission
Corporate Colonies
self-governed commonwealths that recognized the English monarch, granted the right to elect their governor and make laws as they saw fit.
ex. Virginia Company
Royal Colonies
Monarch rules directly through their appointed governor, had elected assemblies, but governors’ decision supersedes them
ex. Dominion of England
Proprietary Colonies
Wealthy nobles who were “vice kings” in effect, holding over the colonies with the same amount of power as a king
Maryland
Catholic haven, named for Queen Mary Tudor, founded by George Calvert and his son, Cecilius (Lords of Baltimore), practiced religious toleration
1649 Act of Toleration
passed by Lord Cecilius Calvert of Baltimore, because Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Maryland
New York
Formerly New Amsterdam, Dutch traded furs with Iroquois via Hudson River, Englishman Duke of York (King James II) conquered easily because the tyrant leader Stuyvesant was hated amongst the people
Royal Colony
William Penn
Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania
George Fox
Quaker leader, preached absolute pacifism
Quakerism
“Friends,” preached religious toleration, anti slavery, pacifism, equality, etc
John Locke
Philosopher, writer of Fundamental constitutions of the Carolinas, “life, liberty, property,”
North Carolina
unfit for tobacco cultivation due to the Great Dismal Swamp,
South Carolina
Charleston port, produced cotton, indigo, rice (introduced by Africans), slaveowners dominated society
Georgia
Founded by James Oglethorpe, philanthropic experiment: sent debtors here to earn money and pay it back since they could not do so in jail, alcohol and slaves were illegal; however, GA soon became a slavery-based agricultural colony, like SC
Navigation Acts
colonial trade carried in vessels built/owned by Englishmen, manned by majority English crews
all imported goods be taken to England first, unloaded, then reloaded for American shipment
colonial products could only be shipped to England
Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon, cousin of William Berkely, attacked Oconeechee tribe, resulted in King Charles II losing confidence in the colonies
George Whitfield
Preached equality
Germans
Moravian, Amish, Mennonite sects; pacifists
Scotch Irish
prosecuted Protestants from Ireland (Catholic),
mason Dixon line
separated north and south colonies
fur and hide trade
negative impact on wildlife populations because Natives only used what was necessary, but Europeans hunted for profit
counting coup
native American way of warfare, rare for killing and violence, those who are kidnapped are integrated into society
samuel de champlain
established quebec, st Lawrence river, sailed down Mississippi to find louisiana
Albany Plan of Union
Written to unite all colonies economically and established the first abolitionist society
Algonkians (Indians)
Controlled the coast from New England to Chesapeake Bay, the St Lawrence basin and parts of New York and Pennsylvania. Tribes in this group were often hostile to each other. English first made contact in Virginia and Massachusetts later became enemies by taking their land.
American/England History
Began in 1607
Animals
European introduced hogs, cattle , sheep, the horse was introduced and supported the idea that spanish were gods and gave conquistadors advantage in war
Balanced Economies
The climate of the Middle Colonies provided for a long growing season and soil was deep and rich. Produced surplus in grains and livestock. Foodstuff was not controlled by the Navigation Acts and the middle colonies found a nice niche for themselves shipping food.
Bartholomew Diaz
rounded the southern most cape of Africa
Captain Christopher Newport
brought three ships into the chesapeake bay and decided on a peninsula on the james river in chesapeake bay to avoid a indian attack and spanish attack. Assigned the first group of people to look for gold to establish connections with the indians to buy pelts and other goods to make profit with england. He left and returned 7 months later and brought 500 more people and 32 lived of the first ones only because they didnt have food and more died during the winter which was the STARVING TIME. Of the 500 people 60 lived. Later abandoned the stockade and moved to the bay and lived of oysters on the shore.
Christopher Columbus
Searching for Asia, exploring find trade routes, misjudged the distance of Asia, sailed for isabella and ferdinand, sailed in the nina and pinta and santa maria, he refused o accept he discovered he discovered a new continent
Connecticut
Established in 1624 by Reverend Thomas Hooker. He got his name from Prostitution. Hooker and his followers fled to Connecticut because they found puritans of Massachusetts to Lax. Yale university was found in connecticut.Connecticut Blue Law
Corporate Colonies
exception of New Hampshire, the New England colonies were corporate colonies. They were in effect, self governing commonwealths that recognized English monarch. They were allowed to elect their governors and make laws as they saw fit
Coureurs du bois
"runner of the woods" reverted more than halfway to savagery, as European defined the Indian huddled within a few miles of the ocean breaker.
Deism
Rationalist named religion. God did not interfere in the world of nature but set the world in motion
Disease
Native Americans gave syphilis and europeans gave measles and chicken pox and whooping cough and flu.
Dominion of New England
Charles the 2 sent lords of trades to find out what was going on and remind colonists of their obligations under the navigation acts. Charles the 2 dies and James the 2 combined all the new england colonies into a single dominion including new york and new jersey. He abolished all local assemblies and gave dictator powers to his appointed governor Sir Edmund Andros. Andro collected taxes without approval of king which was a violation of a free englishman. Which led to the start of Taxation without Representation
Enclosure Movement
England enclosed their livestock and land and didnt need a lot of workers and fired them. livestock was producing more money than crops
Encomienda System
Native Americans required to farm and mine for individual spanish profit. Presidios were put in the south and west manned by soldiers and franciscan priest
Enlightenment
The belief that human reason by itself without any revelation from the heavens could unlock the secrets of the universe and guide the improvement even the perfection of humanity and science
Eric the Red
made two colonies greenland
First charters
London Company turned into virginia company which owned virginia.
Plymouth company
Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederation
Were the Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, and Senecas. Farther South from the main group of ALgonkian territory were the Tuscarora of Virginia and North Carolina in 1710 they were defeated by colonial forces from South Carolina and moved north to become the sixth nation.
Food
Maize contributing to population increase and potato grew well in england and ireland. Sweet potatoes flourished in warmer areas and became fundamental food in west africa introduced by slave traders.
Francis Drake
He was the most prosperous privateer for Elizabeth 1, second circumnavigator of the world, profit 4000%
French and Indian Relations
French maintained good relations with indians because of how little there were of them. Also economic interest in America seemed to favor native people
Fur and Hide Trade: A Suicidal Business
The Fur and Hide Trade altered Indian life as mush as the European manufacturers. Because their needs were so few their needs had little impact on wildlife until the upper class of European society lush for the fur of beavers, otters, and weasel. The tribes rapidly exterminated the valuable creatures of there ancestral hunting grounds.
Gerhardus Mercator
applied name to northern continent to
Glorious Revolution
1688 Parliamentary leaders fearing Catholic and Jame's new son William of Orange of become the New King of England.
Henry the 8
Started the Anglican church
History
written record
Iroquoian (Indians)
Occupied a large wedged shaped territory, running from the eastern Great Lakes through New York and into Pennsylvania. Tribes in this group were often not hostile to each other except for the Hurons; Conestogas; Eries. The most important were the tribes that had joined together in a federation under the legendary figure Hiawatha a century before the arrival of Europeans.
John Cabot
Italian Navigator who sailed to newfoundland on behalf of england
John Elliot
Preached among the tribes of upper connecticut valley. Darthmouth college in New Hampshire originated as a school for indians
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