APUSH Colonial Period- Unit 1

The Spectator

British scholarly journal that spread enlightened ideas

Cato’s Letters

Series of essays by Trenchard and Gordon denouncing political corruption in England

Bartholomew Diaz

1488- Sailed around “cape of good hope”

Vasco da Gamma

1498- Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India

Perdo Cabral

1500- Landed on bulge of South America- established Portuguese claim in the New World (Brazil)

Christopher Columbus

1492- Western route to Japan; landed in Bahamas instead. Wrote about his findings in the New World. Insisted the New World was actually Asia

Amerigo Vespucci

1499- Voyage along the coast of Brazil, declared that it was indeed a “New World” he saw, not Asia

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope Alexander split up South America for Portuguese and Spanish conquests, called the Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan

Attempted to sail around the world, killed in PH by Lapu-Lapu, but one of his vessels made it back to Spain, completing the first voyage around the world

Hernando Cortez

led conquest over the Aztec Empire, or Mexicas. Mistaken for a white-skinned deity, who was supposed to come one day to rule

Fransisco Pizarro

Penetrated and conquered Inca Empire

Giovanni Verrazano

Sent by King Francis, claimed much of the East Coast of USA

Martin Luther

First to break away from Catholic Church with his 95 Theses, head of Lutheran Church, majority of followers go to Germany and Holland (religious freedom)

King Henry VIII

Broke away from Catholic Church to get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Also had syphilis, could not easily procreate. Created Anglican Church

Mary Tudor

Catholic queen, persecuted Protestants, earning nickname “Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I

“The Virgin Queen”- daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, excelled at keeping peace between opposing sides, helped England rise to power

Privateers

English sea captains who were employed to chip away at Spanish American monopoly

Francis Drake

English privateer, sailed around Straights of Magellan and attacked unsuspecting Spanish ports

Ireland

Reformation brought division between Catholic (Ireland) and Protestant (English), English adopted “Kill them all” method of colonization, first overseas English colony

Roanoke

Modern day Kitty Hawk/Manniao, Elizabeth sent Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh, failed colony

Walter Raleigh

Established first English Colony in New World- Called it Virginia, after the Virgin Queen. Landed on Roanoke Island, failed to survive past 3 years

Spanish Armada

130 Spanish ships amounting 2400 guns and 30000 men. Defeated by English fleet. Spain barely affected by collapse, still dominating the industry being built in the New World

Mercantilism

Systemized by Thomas Mun; governments establish colonies for raw materials, manufacture in mother countries, sell back to colonies and other powerful mother countries. Import as little as possible, export as much as possible

English Colonies

means of reducing dependence on foreign countries: addressing overpopulation on the island, need for raw materials,

Appeals of New World

Offered a safe haven for religious persecution, opportunity to escape poverty, escape Enclosure Movement

Enclosure Movement

Lords have less need for serfs, displaced serfs and servants

Private Enterprise (joint-stock companies)

Muscovy Company: trade with Russia, furs and forest products

Levant Company: English imports from Mediterranean

Guinea Company: African Goods (not enslaved people)

East India Company: Indian goods, tea

London Company

Virginia Company, southern states, used for tobacco

Plymouth company

nothern states, led by Puritans,

Starving Time

Winter of 1608, Virginians lack food and resources, cannot grow any because it’s winter

Tobacco

Virginia company’s economic saviour, cultivated by John Rolfe

John Rolfe

married Pocohontas, daughter of Powahatan chief, experimented with West Indian tobacco

Headright System

A system where English immigrants would pay for the voyage from England to the New World in exchange for 7 years’ worth of labour

Indentured Servitude

Debtors work to pay off their debt, approx. ¾ of English immigrants came by indentured servitude

Black Slavery

favorable to indentured servitude because there was a pre-existing market, identifiable, and permanent, unlike indentured servitude

Puritan

believed God chose who went to Heaven before birth

believed there was no such thing as free will

To live among sin invites God’s wrath

Speedwell and Mayflower

Ships that brought the Pilgrims to Massechusets Bay

Mayflower Compact

Just and equal laws

Majority binding vote

Popular Sovereignty

John Calvin

Theologist who created Puritanism

John Winthrop

1st governor of Mass. Bay, declared Mass. as “City Upon a Hill,” a city to emulate

Roger Williams

Religious tolerance, founded Rhode Island, Puritan preacher, pay Natives for stolen land, all men could vote, separation of church and state

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan preacher, mother of 12, studied the Bible, challenged Puritan political control of Massechusets, killed in NY

John Wheelright

minister who settled in New Hampshire

Thomas Hooker

founded Connecticut, thought Mass. was too lax with the Church

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first constitution, settlers did not ask King for permission

Corporate Colonies

self-governed commonwealths that recognized the English monarch, granted the right to elect their governor and make laws as they saw fit.

ex. Virginia Company

Royal Colonies

Monarch rules directly through their appointed governor, had elected assemblies, but governors’ decision supersedes them

ex. Dominion of England

Proprietary Colonies

Wealthy nobles who were “vice kings” in effect, holding over the colonies with the same amount of power as a king

Maryland

Catholic haven, named for Queen Mary Tudor, founded by George Calvert and his son, Cecilius (Lords of Baltimore), practiced religious toleration

1649 Act of Toleration

passed by Lord Cecilius Calvert of Baltimore, because Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Maryland

New York

Formerly New Amsterdam, Dutch traded furs with Iroquois via Hudson River, Englishman Duke of York (King James II) conquered easily because the tyrant leader Stuyvesant was hated amongst the people

Royal Colony

William Penn

Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania

George Fox

Quaker leader, preached absolute pacifism

Quakerism

“Friends,” preached religious toleration, anti slavery, pacifism, equality, etc

John Locke

Philosopher, writer of Fundamental constitutions of the Carolinas, “life, liberty, property,”

North Carolina

unfit for tobacco cultivation due to the Great Dismal Swamp,

South Carolina

Charleston port, produced cotton, indigo, rice (introduced by Africans), slaveowners dominated society

Georgia

Founded by James Oglethorpe, philanthropic experiment: sent debtors here to earn money and pay it back since they could not do so in jail, alcohol and slaves were illegal; however, GA soon became a slavery-based agricultural colony, like SC

Navigation Acts

colonial trade carried in vessels built/owned by Englishmen, manned by majority English crews

all imported goods be taken to England first, unloaded, then reloaded for American shipment

colonial products could only be shipped to England

Bacon’s Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon, cousin of William Berkely, attacked Oconeechee tribe, resulted in King Charles II losing confidence in the colonies

George Whitfield

Preached equality

Germans

Moravian, Amish, Mennonite sects; pacifists

Scotch Irish

prosecuted Protestants from Ireland (Catholic),

mason Dixon line

separated north and south colonies

fur and hide trade

negative impact on wildlife populations because Natives only used what was necessary, but Europeans hunted for profit

counting coup

native American way of warfare, rare for killing and violence, those who are kidnapped are integrated into society

samuel de champlain

established quebec, st Lawrence river, sailed down Mississippi to find louisiana

Albany Plan of Union

Written to unite all colonies economically and established the first abolitionist society

Algonkians (Indians)

Controlled the coast from New England to Chesapeake Bay, the St Lawrence basin and parts of New York and Pennsylvania. Tribes in this group were often hostile to each other. English first made contact in Virginia and Massachusetts later became enemies by taking their land.

American/England History

Began in 1607

Animals

European introduced hogs, cattle , sheep, the horse was introduced and supported the idea that spanish were gods and gave conquistadors advantage in war

Balanced Economies

The climate of the Middle Colonies provided for a long growing season and soil was deep and rich. Produced surplus in grains and livestock. Foodstuff was not controlled by the Navigation Acts and the middle colonies found a nice niche for themselves shipping food.

Bartholomew Diaz

rounded the southern most cape of Africa

Captain Christopher Newport

brought three ships into the chesapeake bay and decided on a peninsula on the james river in chesapeake bay to avoid a indian attack and spanish attack. Assigned the first group of people to look for gold to establish connections with the indians to buy pelts and other goods to make profit with england. He left and returned 7 months later and brought 500 more people and 32 lived of the first ones only because they didnt have food and more died during the winter which was the STARVING TIME. Of the 500 people 60 lived. Later abandoned the stockade and moved to the bay and lived of oysters on the shore.

Christopher Columbus

Searching for Asia, exploring find trade routes, misjudged the distance of Asia, sailed for isabella and ferdinand, sailed in the nina and pinta and santa maria, he refused o accept he discovered he discovered a new continent

Connecticut

Established in 1624 by Reverend Thomas Hooker. He got his name from Prostitution. Hooker and his followers fled to Connecticut because they found puritans of Massachusetts to Lax. Yale university was found in connecticut.Connecticut Blue Law

Corporate Colonies

exception of New Hampshire, the New England colonies were corporate colonies. They were in effect, self governing commonwealths that recognized English monarch. They were allowed to elect their governors and make laws as they saw fit

Coureurs du bois

"runner of the woods" reverted more than halfway to savagery, as European defined the Indian huddled within a few miles of the ocean breaker.

Deism

Rationalist named religion. God did not interfere in the world of nature but set the world in motion

Disease

Native Americans gave syphilis and europeans gave measles and chicken pox and whooping cough and flu.

Dominion of New England

Charles the 2 sent lords of trades to find out what was going on and remind colonists of their obligations under the navigation acts. Charles the 2 dies and James the 2 combined all the new england colonies into a single dominion including new york and new jersey. He abolished all local assemblies and gave dictator powers to his appointed governor Sir Edmund Andros. Andro collected taxes without approval of king which was a violation of a free englishman. Which led to the start of Taxation without Representation

Enclosure Movement

England enclosed their livestock and land and didnt need a lot of workers and fired them. livestock was producing more money than crops

Encomienda System

Native Americans required to farm and mine for individual spanish profit. Presidios were put in the south and west manned by soldiers and franciscan priest

Enlightenment

The belief that human reason by itself without any revelation from the heavens could unlock the secrets of the universe and guide the improvement even the perfection of humanity and science

Eric the Red

made two colonies greenland

First charters

London Company turned into virginia company which owned virginia.

Plymouth company

Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederation

Were the Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, and Senecas. Farther South from the main group of ALgonkian territory were the Tuscarora of Virginia and North Carolina in 1710 they were defeated by colonial forces from South Carolina and moved north to become the sixth nation.

Food

Maize contributing to population increase and potato grew well in england and ireland. Sweet potatoes flourished in warmer areas and became fundamental food in west africa introduced by slave traders.

Francis Drake

He was the most prosperous privateer for Elizabeth 1, second circumnavigator of the world, profit 4000%

French and Indian Relations

French maintained good relations with indians because of how little there were of them. Also economic interest in America seemed to favor native people

Fur and Hide Trade: A Suicidal Business

The Fur and Hide Trade altered Indian life as mush as the European manufacturers. Because their needs were so few their needs had little impact on wildlife until the upper class of European society lush for the fur of beavers, otters, and weasel. The tribes rapidly exterminated the valuable creatures of there ancestral hunting grounds.

Gerhardus Mercator

applied name to northern continent to

Glorious Revolution

1688 Parliamentary leaders fearing Catholic and Jame's new son William of Orange of become the New King of England.

Henry the 8

Started the Anglican church

History

written record

Iroquoian (Indians)

Occupied a large wedged shaped territory, running from the eastern Great Lakes through New York and into Pennsylvania. Tribes in this group were often not hostile to each other except for the Hurons; Conestogas; Eries. The most important were the tribes that had joined together in a federation under the legendary figure Hiawatha a century before the arrival of Europeans.

John Cabot

Italian Navigator who sailed to newfoundland on behalf of england

John Elliot

Preached among the tribes of upper connecticut valley. Darthmouth college in New Hampshire originated as a school for indians