APUSH Periods 1-2

Spanish Colonization

Regions settled include Florida, California, and the southwest (present day New Mexico, Arizona & Texas).

French Colonization

Regions settled include Louisiana, Canada (Quebec), the Mississippi River and valley, and the Great Lakes.

Dutch Colonization

Regions settled include the Hudson River (NYC to Albany), New Holland colony, and New Amsterdam city.

Spanish Relations with Native Americans

Involved conversion to Christianity, the encomienda system, forced labor/exploitation, disruption of culture, and the belief that Natives are inferior.

French Relations with Native Americans

Focused on fur trading which led to alliances, trade, intermarriage, and cooperation for mutual benefit.

Dutch Relations with Native Americans

Involved fur trade, commerce with the Iroquois Confederacy, negotiation and trade, and conquest of Algonquin tribes to take land.

Spanish Settlement Patterns

Established city-towns (pueblos), aimed to convert Natives and extract resources, settled in areas with dense populations and plentiful resources, and implemented a caste system.

French Settlement Patterns

Included Jesuits who were more cooperative, integrationists who learned Native languages, caused deaths via disease, and established small dispersed settlements as trading posts with larger trade hubs like Quebec and New Orleans.

Dutch Settlement Patterns

Characterized by more urban/dense populations, initially mono-ethnic (Dutch only), but opened to other Europeans due to slow population growth and had little government oversight.

Source of Wealth for Spanish Colonies

Derived from mining (gold and silver), cash crops, and coerced labor through the encomienda system.

Source of Wealth for French Colonies

Came from the fur trade, military and trading alliances with Natives, cash crops (tobacco), and the use of slaves.

Source of Wealth for Dutch Colonies

Included the West India Company involved in Atlantic trade (furs/slaves), banking/insurance, and artisan manufacturing (textiles) with centralized trading hubs.

AP Test Format

Includes approximately 30 AP style, stimulus-based multiple choice questions and 1 short answer question.

Impact of Spanish Colonization

Affected people in the Americas through forced labor, cultural disruption, and disease, while in Europe it influenced economic wealth through resource extraction.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of crops such as potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, chili peppers, maize, cacao, and wheat between the New World and Europe, which increased Spain's global power and influence.

Chesapeake Colony

Established at Jamestown, motivated by wealth (silver and gold), trade, resources, and countering Spanish power.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Motivated by religious freedom for Puritans and the establishment of a model Christian community.

Types of Migrants to Massachusetts Bay

Included English Puritans, middle class people (yeoman farmers, artisans, craftsmen), and poor men.

Types of Migrants to Chesapeake Colony

Included indentured servants (young poor men seeking wealth and opportunity), enslaved Africans, and skilled artisans.

Early Challenges in Colonies

Included starvation and poor provisions, disease and harsh environment, conflict with Natives, and unpreparedness of settlers.

Social Structure in Chesapeake Colony

Semi-aristocratic with significant wealth disparity; some families had large plantations and power while others had nothing.

Social Structure in Massachusetts Bay Colony

Focused on family and church with a small gap between rich and poor, land distributed more evenly.

Relations with Native Americans in Chesapeake

Initially relied on aid from Powhatan tribes but later drove them out, leading to conflicts such as the Indian War of 1622 and Bacon's Rebellion.

Relations with Native Americans in Massachusetts Bay

Believed they were God's chosen people; had a partly loving relationship, exemplified by the first Thanksgiving, but also engaged in wars such as the Puritan-Pequot War and King Philip's War.

Economy of Chesapeake Colony

Primarily a plantation economy focused on tobacco, relying on forced labor and indentured servitude.

Economy of Massachusetts Bay Colony

Diverse economy resembling a mini England, including farms, craftsmen, shipping, fishing, and furs, with few slaves primarily in cities.

Impact of Tobacco on Chesapeake Colony

The introduction of tobacco significantly shaped the development of the Chesapeake colony.

Regional Diversification of British Colonies

Included New England (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire), Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware), Chesapeake (Virginia, Maryland), and Lower South (South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia).

Geography's Influence on Colonial Development

Geography affected the development of each colonial region, influencing economic activities and settlement patterns.

Differences in Colonial Systems

Social, political, and economic systems varied across the colonial regions, affecting governance and community structure.

Challenges Faced by Growing Colonies

Colonies faced various challenges as they grew and matured, including resource management and conflicts.

Labor Demands of Plantation Colonies

The labor demands transformed the colonization process, leading to increased reliance on indentured servitude and slavery.

Commonalities of Rebellions

The Pueblo Revolt (Popé's Rebellion), Bacon's Rebellion, and King Philip's War shared common themes of resistance against colonial authority.

European Trade's Disruption of Native Society

The introduction of European trade disrupted traditional Native American societies and economies.

Native Americans and European Rivalries

Native Americans leveraged European rivalries to their advantage, forming alliances and negotiating power.

Political Developments in Seventeenth-Century England

Political changes in England influenced the development of its American colonies, shaping governance and policies.

Goals and Values of New England Society

Eighteenth-century New England society was shaped by specific goals and values, including religious and community ideals.

Immigrant Goals in Middle Colonies vs. New England

The goals of immigrants to the Middle colonies were similar to those of New England colonists, but they also differed in aspects such as religious motivations.

Impact of Travel and Communication on Colonial Society

The accelerating pace of travel and communication influenced colonial society and culture, particularly during the Enlightenment and Great Awakening.

Economic Developments and Cultural Identities

Economic developments in the colonies influenced the formation of new cultural identities among the settlers.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies established during the Restoration period of the English monarchy in the late 17th century.

Dominion of New England

A combined administrative unit of several colonies created by James II to exert more control.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II of England, leading to the establishment of constitutional monarchy.

William Penn

The founder of Pennsylvania, known for his promotion of religious freedom and democratic principles.

Triangular trade

A system of transatlantic trade in the 17th and 18th centuries involving the exchange of goods and enslaved people.

Middle passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas.

Salutary Neglect

An unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations in the colonies.

Jonathan Edwards

A preacher known for his role in the First Great Awakening and his fire-and-brimstone sermons.

George Whitefield

An evangelist who played a significant role in the Great Awakening, known for his charismatic preaching.

John Locke

A philosopher whose ideas on government and natural rights influenced the American Revolution.

Montesquieu

A political philosopher known for his theory of the separation of powers in government.

Benjamin Franklin

A Founding Father known for his contributions to science, politics, and diplomacy.

Popé's Rebellion

A 1680 uprising of Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico.

Encomienda system

A labor system that rewarded Spanish colonists with the labor of indigenous people.

Joint-stock corporation

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders.

Virginia Company

A joint-stock company that established the Jamestown colony in Virginia.

John Smith

An English soldier and explorer who played a crucial role in the establishment of Jamestown.

John Rolfe

An early settler of Virginia known for introducing tobacco as a cash crop.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia.

Headright system

A system that granted land to settlers in Virginia as an incentive for colonization.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley.

Old Deluder Satan Act

A 1647 Massachusetts law requiring towns to establish schools to ensure literacy.

Great Migration

The period during the 1630s when a large number of Puritans migrated to New England.

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, known for his vision of a 'city upon a hill'.

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose beliefs challenged the Puritan establishment in Massachusetts.

Roger Williams

A theologian who founded Rhode Island for religious freedom and separation of church and state.

King Philip's (Metacom's) War

A conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom in 1675-1676.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing international trade.

Navigation Acts

A series of laws that restricted colonial trade to England and its colonies.