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Sexual Reproduction
It involves the fusion of two specialized cells called gametes to form a new organism.
Gametes
These are haploid cells containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
Gametes
It can be a sperm (male) and egg cells (female).
Zygote
It is the fertilized cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
Zygote
It contains two sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent.
Male Gamete
It is a sperm (spermatozoon, spermatozoa); a haploid with 23 chromosomes.
Female Gamete
It is a egg (ovum, ova); haploid with 23 chromosomes.
Fertilized Egg (Zygote)
It is a diploid cell formed after fertilization.
Genetics
It is the branch of biology that studies how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
True
By understanding how traits are inherited, we can predict the likelihood of certain traits appearing in offspring. True or false?
Gene Editing
It is the modification of genes to change traits in organisms.
BT Corn/Maize
It is a genetically modified corn that expresses proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis to resist insect pests.
Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
BT corn is a type of corn that has been genetically engineered to express proteins derived from the _________.
Proteins from Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
These proteins are toxic to certain insect pests, offering protection to the corn plants and reducing the need for chemical insecticides.
Cornmeal
Cornstarch
Corn Oil
High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
Corn Flour
Corn Grits
Corn-Based Snacks
Corn-Based Alcohols
Corn Gluten Meal
Corn-Based Plastics
Corn Tortillas
Corn Flakes
Cornbread
Corn Syrup
Corn Chips
Corn Muffins
Corn-Based Adhesives
Corn Pasta
Corn-Based Ethanol Fuel
Corn-Based Animal Bedding
These are examples of BT Corn.
Selective breeding or Artificial Selection
It is the practice of breeding animals with desirable traits to enhance certain characteristics.
increased milk production, meat quality, disease resistance,
By selectively mating individuals with desirable characteristics, such as _________, __________, and _______.
Genetic engineering
It has enabled scientists to introduce specific genes into animal genomes to enhance desired traits.
Genetic engineering
It has been used to develop animals with improved disease resistance, enhanced growth rates, or increased production of valuable proteins, such as pharmaceuticals or enzymes.
Insulin
It is used for diabetes treatment, historically derived from pig and cow pancreases.
Heparin
It is an Anticoagulant derived from pig intestines.
Collagen
It is used in medical and cosmetic products, sourced from cow, pig, and chicken tissues.
Enzymes
It is used in research, diagnostics, and pharmaceutical production, extracted from pig and cow pancreases.
Antibodies
It is produced in animals like rabbits, goats, or sheep for research and therapy.
Gelatin
It is derived from animal bones and tissues (e.g., pigs, cows) for pharmaceutical uses like capsules and coatings.
Vaccines
Some of these are cultured using chicken eggs.
Insulin
Heparin
Collagen
Enzymes
Antibodies
Gelatin
Vaccines
These are the 7 biotechnology products from animals.
Genetic selection
It can help breed animals that are more resistant to diseases, reducing the need for antibiotics and other medical interventions.
True
By identifying genetic markers associated with disease resistance, breeders can selectively breed animals with improved immune responses, ultimately leading to healthier and more resilient livestock populations. True or False?
Knowledge of Genetic inheritance
It helps in diagnosing, treating, and preventing genetic disorders.
Knowledge of Genetic inheritance
It also contributes to personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup.
Consanguineous Relationships
Their offsprings are at greater risk of certain genetic disorders.
Mendelian Inheritance
It is the principles of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel that govern the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
dominance, segregation, independent assortment
These are three examples of principles by Mendelian inheritance.
Mendelian Inheritance
These principles explain patterns of inheritance observed in traits controlled by single genes, such as Mendelian traits.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
It includes incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis, which contribute to the wide range of phenotypic variation observed in populations.
incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis
These are the 4 examples of Non-Mendelian inheritance.
Gregor Mendel
He is an Australian monk who observed and studied heritable traits from pea flower plants.
Traits
They are inherited through the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring.
Genes
They are segments of DNA, from one generation to the next.
Genes
The process of inheritance involves the passing on of ____.
Genes
They are located on chromosomes, thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells.
Genes
Each contains instructions for specific traits, such as eye color, hair texture, or blood type
Alleles
Genes come in different forms called _________.
Alleles
They may be dominant or recessive, meaning one allele may mask the expression of another.
Offspring
They inherit one set of chromosomes from each
parent, resulting in two copies of each gene.
Meiosis
During reproduction, gametes (sperm and egg cells) are formed through a process called _____.
True
Each gamete receives only one copy of each chromosome, randomly selected from the parent's two sets. True or False?
Homologous Chromosomes
During meiosis, _____________ (pairs of chromosomes) separate randomly, leading to the random assortment of alleles into gametes.
Gamete Formation
During this, the two alleles for a gene segregate (separate) from each other into different gametes.
True
Each parent passes on only one allele for each gene to their offspring. True or False?
Punnett square
It is a graphical tool used to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross between two individuals.
Reginald Punnett
Punnet square was developed by _________, a British geneticist, in the early 20th century.
Punnett squares
They are particularly useful for understanding Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Punnett squares
They determine the probabilities of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.
Genotypes, Phenotypes
What do punnett squares determine?
Law of Dominance
It states that in a heterozygote (an individual with two different alleles for a gene), one allele may mask the expression of the other allele, which is said to be recessive.
Heterozygote
It is an individual with two different alleles for a gene.
Dominant allele
It is the allele that is expressed and determines the phenotype of the organism.
Recessive allele
It is the allele that is not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele.
Law of Dominance
It explains why certain traits are expressed in the offspring even when only one parent carries the allele for that trait.
Dominant alleles
They are expressed in the phenotype when present, even if only one copy is present in the genotype.
Recessive alleles
They are expressed in the phenotype only when two copies are present in the genotype.
Recessive alleles
They are masked by dominant alleles in heterozygous individuals.
genotype
It refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the alleles present in its DNA for a particular trait or traits.
phenotype
It refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction between its genotype and the environment.
True
According to the Law of Independent Assortment, alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation. True or False?
True
The inheritance of one trait is NOT influenced by the inheritance of another trait. True or False?
Law of Independent Assortment
It explains the inheritance of traits that are controlled by genes located on different chromosomes.
Note 
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