BIO : Quiz 1 - Gene Control Traits

Sexual Reproduction

It involves the fusion of two specialized cells called gametes to form a new organism.

Gametes

These are haploid cells containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

Gametes

It can be a sperm (male) and egg cells (female).

Zygote

It is the fertilized cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg.

Zygote

It contains two sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent.

Male Gamete

It is a sperm (spermatozoon, spermatozoa); a haploid with 23 chromosomes.

Female Gamete

It is a egg (ovum, ova); haploid with 23 chromosomes.

Fertilized Egg (Zygote)

It is a diploid cell formed after fertilization.

Genetics

It is the branch of biology that studies how traits are passed from one generation to the next.

True

By understanding how traits are inherited, we can predict the likelihood of certain traits appearing in offspring. True or false?

Gene Editing

It is the modification of genes to change traits in organisms.

BT Corn/Maize

It is a genetically modified corn that expresses proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis to resist insect pests.

Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

BT corn is a type of corn that has been genetically engineered to express proteins derived from the _________.

Proteins from Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

These proteins are toxic to certain insect pests, offering protection to the corn plants and reducing the need for chemical insecticides.

• Cornmeal

• Cornstarch

• Corn Oil

• High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

• Corn Flour

• Corn Grits

• Corn-Based Snacks

• Corn-Based Alcohols

• Corn Gluten Meal

• Corn-Based Plastics

• Corn Tortillas

• Corn Flakes

• Cornbread

• Corn Syrup

• Corn Chips

• Corn Muffins

• Corn-Based Adhesives

• Corn Pasta

• Corn-Based Ethanol Fuel

• Corn-Based Animal Bedding

These are examples of BT Corn.

Selective breeding or Artificial Selection

It is the practice of breeding animals with desirable traits to enhance certain characteristics.

increased milk production, meat quality, disease resistance,

By selectively mating individuals with desirable characteristics, such as _________, __________, and _______.

Genetic engineering

It has enabled scientists to introduce specific genes into animal genomes to enhance desired traits.

Genetic engineering

It has been used to develop animals with improved disease resistance, enhanced growth rates, or increased production of valuable proteins, such as pharmaceuticals or enzymes.

Insulin

It is used for diabetes treatment, historically derived from pig and cow pancreases.

Heparin

It is an Anticoagulant derived from pig intestines.

Collagen

It is used in medical and cosmetic products, sourced from cow, pig, and chicken tissues.

Enzymes

It is used in research, diagnostics, and pharmaceutical production, extracted from pig and cow pancreases.

Antibodies

It is produced in animals like rabbits, goats, or sheep for research and therapy.

Gelatin

It is derived from animal bones and tissues (e.g., pigs, cows) for pharmaceutical uses like capsules and coatings.

Vaccines

Some of these are cultured using chicken eggs.

• Insulin

• Heparin

• Collagen

• Enzymes

• Antibodies

• Gelatin

• Vaccines

These are the 7 biotechnology products from animals.

Genetic selection

It can help breed animals that are more resistant to diseases, reducing the need for antibiotics and other medical interventions.

True

By identifying genetic markers associated with disease resistance, breeders can selectively breed animals with improved immune responses, ultimately leading to healthier and more resilient livestock populations. True or False?

Knowledge of Genetic inheritance

It helps in diagnosing, treating, and preventing genetic disorders.

Knowledge of Genetic inheritance

It also contributes to personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup.

Consanguineous Relationships

Their offsprings are at greater risk of certain genetic disorders.

Mendelian Inheritance

It is the principles of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel that govern the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

dominance, segregation, independent assortment

These are three examples of principles by Mendelian inheritance.

Mendelian Inheritance

These principles explain patterns of inheritance observed in traits controlled by single genes, such as Mendelian traits.

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

It includes incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis, which contribute to the wide range of phenotypic variation observed in populations.

incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic inheritance, and epistasis

These are the 4 examples of Non-Mendelian inheritance.

Gregor Mendel

He is an Australian monk who observed and studied heritable traits from pea flower plants.

Traits

They are inherited through the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring.

Genes

They are segments of DNA, from one generation to the next.

Genes

The process of inheritance involves the passing on of ____.

Genes

They are located on chromosomes, thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells.

Genes

Each contains instructions for specific traits, such as eye color, hair texture, or blood type

Alleles

Genes come in different forms called _________.

Alleles

They may be dominant or recessive, meaning one allele may mask the expression of another.

Offspring

They inherit one set of chromosomes from each

parent, resulting in two copies of each gene.

Meiosis

During reproduction, gametes (sperm and egg cells) are formed through a process called _____.

True

Each gamete receives only one copy of each chromosome, randomly selected from the parent's two sets. True or False?

Homologous Chromosomes

During meiosis, _____________ (pairs of chromosomes) separate randomly, leading to the random assortment of alleles into gametes.

Gamete Formation

During this, the two alleles for a gene segregate (separate) from each other into different gametes.

True

Each parent passes on only one allele for each gene to their offspring. True or False?

Punnett square

It is a graphical tool used to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross between two individuals.

Reginald Punnett

Punnet square was developed by _________, a British geneticist, in the early 20th century.

Punnett squares

They are particularly useful for understanding Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Punnett squares

They determine the probabilities of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.

Genotypes, Phenotypes

What do punnett squares determine?

Law of Dominance

It states that in a heterozygote (an individual with two different alleles for a gene), one allele may mask the expression of the other allele, which is said to be recessive.

Heterozygote

It is an individual with two different alleles for a gene.

Dominant allele

It is the allele that is expressed and determines the phenotype of the organism.

Recessive allele

It is the allele that is not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele.

Law of Dominance

It explains why certain traits are expressed in the offspring even when only one parent carries the allele for that trait.

Dominant alleles

They are expressed in the phenotype when present, even if only one copy is present in the genotype.

Recessive alleles

They are expressed in the phenotype only when two copies are present in the genotype.

Recessive alleles

They are masked by dominant alleles in heterozygous individuals.

genotype

It refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the alleles present in its DNA for a particular trait or traits.

phenotype

It refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction between its genotype and the environment.

True

According to the Law of Independent Assortment, alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation. True or False?

True

The inheritance of one trait is NOT influenced by the inheritance of another trait. True or False?

Law of Independent Assortment

It explains the inheritance of traits that are controlled by genes located on different chromosomes.