HSP3U exam - Multiple choice section

Viktor Frankl

• Auschwitz prisoner

• Observed behaviour of other prisoners

• Those who had something to hold on to were more likely to survive

Logotherapy

Frankl’s theory

• Believed everyone has an inclination to seek the meaning of their existence

• Suggests that humans are motivated by a need for meaning

• Those who cannot find meaning will feel empty

Carl Rogers

Considered one of the founders of humanist psychology

Developed client-centered therapy

Client-centered therapy

Therapy that focuses on present and future

focuses on the potential of each person to realize their own growth in self awareness and fulfilment

Social science

Adheres to scientific method

Investigated human thought and behaviour

Anthropology

Scientific study of humans, including their origins, physical social, and cultural development

Sociology

Scientific study of human social behaviour, including individuals, groups, and societies

Importance of social sciences

• Examines human behaviour

• Examines what humans have written and created

• Helps humans act the way they do

2 major branches of anthropology + 3rd branch

Cultural & Physical anthropology, + social anthropology

Cultural anthropology

Analyzes culture of living people

Social anthropology

Analyzes social organization of societies - subunit of cultural anthropology

Physical anthropology

Analyzes human evolutionary and genetic development

3 major elements of culture

• Assets possessed

• Acceptable attitudes (“Everybody is cool & there are no losers”)

• Acceptable behaviour (ex. table manners)

Anthropological concepts

Ethnographic studies, myths, kinship

Ethnographic studies

Studies of culture and traditions of distinct peoples

-Implies that culture is static, but its not

Myths

Stories that explain the origins of the world and of human beings - recount the lives of cultural heroes and begins with supernatural powers

Kinship

Relationships among members of a social group that are based on members’ descent from common ancestors

Psychology

Analyzes inner experiences - dreams, thoughts, feelings

2 fields of psychological study

Behavioural psychology, cognitive psychology

Behavioural psychology

Analyzes principles of behaviour

Goal of behavioural psychology

To predict and control behaviour

Cognitive psychology

Analyzes perception, learning, memory, and reasoning

Sigmund freud

Founder of psychology

Conscious mind

Contains memory we can recall - tip of the iceberg

Unconscious mind

Contains memories we cannot recall. Influences human behaviour and must be unlocked to treat mental illness

Free association

Replaced hypnosis

1. Patients must be completely relaxed

2. Therapist recites words

3. Patients respond with the first idea that comes to mind

4. Secrets revealed

Id

Pleasure seeking element

Superego

Urges us to do good things to obtain positive results

Ego

Referees between id and superego

Judgements and values that determines what to do

Narcotization

Condition where, due to stimuli, you feel you have no chance of avoiding a particular fate

Reaction-formation

Fixation in consciousness of an idea or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse

Projection

Displacing one’s unwanted urges/feelings onto someone else

Repression

Restraint, prevention, or inhibition of a feeling

Alfred Adler

Austrian who worked with freud

Rejected Freud’s belief that sexuality is the key to understanding personality

Individual psychology

System of therapy focused on the conscious mind rather than the unconscious

Inferiority complex

Where people feel inferior and compensate by seeking experience that gives them a feeling of power

Carl Jung

Founded analytical psychology

Parts of the unconscious mind

Personal - unique to an individual

Collective - Shared by all, contains memories of ancestors

Introverts

Emotionally self sufficient, use psychological power to look within themselves

Extroverts

Uses psychological power to draw closer to others

Outgoing and comfortable in large social groups

Ivan Pavlov

Conducted studies in conditioned behaviour

Unconditioned responses

Natural reaction that requires no learning

Abraham Maslow

A founder of humanist psychology

Studied “self-actualizing” people and their peak experiences

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Physiological needs → safety needs → belonging → esteem needs → self fulfilment needs

3 Schools of thought

Functionalism, conflict school, symbolic interaction

Symbolic interaction

Studies how individuals play certain roles for different audiences

3 goals for sociology

Pure, applied, clinical

Functionalism

How each institution works together to create a functioning society

• “Society is an organic system like a human body”

Conflict school

Relationship of economy and people’s social classes and the conflict between them (Bourgeoisie vs proletariat)

Nature

Genes

Nurture

Gender roles, environment, types of toys children play with

Positive reinforcement

adding something positive to encourage an action

Negative reinforcement

Removing something to encourage an action

Positive punishment

Adding something to counteract an unwanted behaviour

Negative punishment

removing a stimuli to counteract unwanted behaviour

5 personality factors

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Openness

Imaginative/independent vs. practical/conforming

Conscientiousness

Organized/careful vs. disorganized/careless

Agreeableness

Friendly/helpful vs. cold/unkind

Neuroticism

Anxious/insecure vs. calm/secure

Defense mechanisms

Rationalization, displacement, repression, projection, denial

Archetypes

“Mother” is nurturing and soothing

Displacement

Shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation

Denial

A person refuses to recognize or acknowledge that something is painful