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Genetic Equilibrium
No change in allele frequency over time. When evolution is not occurring.
Gene Fixation
When you have alleles gained or lost. The total allele frequency level is at 1 or 0. Usually occurs in smaller populations.
Gene Pool
All alleles present in a population at any given time point. Includes dominant, recessive, more fit, less fit, etc.
Gene Flow
the introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another
Fitness
Measures ones ability to survive and have offspring. What natural selection acts upon. Have more offspring = more fit. Have less or no offspring = less fit.
Allele
One representation that could be present in a genotype
Genotype
Genetic representation of expressed alleles
Phenotype
Physical manifestation of the genotype
Hardy-Weinberg
p^2+2pq+q^2=1. Used this to determine null hypothesis in experiment and when evolution is not occurring.
Evolution
The change of allele frequency over time.
Conditions that need to be present for genetic equilibrium
Large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating
no natural selection
Population Ecology
a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment
Measures:
birth rates
death rates
immigration
emigration
Community Ecology
study of the organization and functioning of communities (multiple populations)
Ecosystem Ecology
the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework
Things that affect ecology
Biotic factors: competition, predation, migration, birth rates, death rates
Abiotic factors: light, climate, phosphate levels, nitrogen levels, etc
Population
All individuals that can reproduce together in one area. No inner breeding or mixtures then they are a separate population. Also depends on the breeding seasons. If they have different seasons then that are separate populations.
Food Web
Producers: make their own food from light
Primary consumers: consume producers (herbivores/ omnivores)
Secondary consumers: consume primary consumers (carnivores/ omnivores)
Decomposer
Decomposes organic material
Ex) Fungi, some protists
Autotroph
absorptive, make their own food
Heterotroph
Ingestive, consume other organisms to gain nutrients
Chemical tests in ecology
Add a chemical to the sample, color change occurs, indicates the levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, etc
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles
Nitrogen gas being mixed with bacteria
Phosphate stays in lakes once its there, nitrogen cycles more frequently
Natural entrances for nitrogen and phosphate:
nitrogen- soil and air
phosphorus- rocks, pollution
Carrying Capacity
The amount of resources present in environment limits the population growth: food, competitors, etc
Logistic Growth vs Exponential Growth
Logistic: a population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment
Exponential: the population grows exponentially until it nears the carrying capacity, which is shown by a separate horizontal line. As the population nears the carrying capacity, population growth slows significantly.
Buncher Funnel
Used in chlorophyll acetate test
pH meter
used to measure pH level of a sample
Thermometer
used to measure temperature
Secchi Disk
used to measure clarity
replica plate
used to stamp E coli
Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Parts of Phylogenetic Tree
Root: most recent common ancestor
Branch: passing of generational time
Nodes: on individual splits into two based off of genetic difference
Trends of complexity
Vasculature in plants: as they evolve there is most vasculature (review with practice exercise and know each vasculature system with each organism)
tissue layer in animals: an inner layer (endoderm), an outer layer (ectoderm), and a middle layer (mesoderm). Animals with three tissue layers are called triploblasts.
homologous
having the same relation, relative position, or structure
analogous
comparable in certain respects, typically in a way which makes clearer the nature of the things compared
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
Made of three parts: Independent variable, Dependent Variable, how it is Statistically significant or not
R^2
Correlation coefficient, how closely points on a scatterplot best fit to a line
Higher than .35- more closely related
Lower than .35- less related or random points (outliers)
Standard deviation
the variation in data points. More spread out will equal higher standard deviation, points closer together will equal lower standard deviation
Independent Variable
a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another
Dependent Variable
a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another
Parts of the Lab Report
Introduction
Methods
Results (graphs, captions, trends paragraph)
Discussion
know what type of information should go into each section and what tense each section should be written in
APA Citation
General format for in text citing: (First Author last name, year).
One author:Â (Last name, year)
Two authors: (Last name 1 & Last name 2, year)
Three or more authors: (Last name 1 et al., year)
References
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
be able to decipher if a citation is correct or not for test
Primary resources vs peer reviewed articles
Primary resources- immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it
Peer Review-Â the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work
Parts of Microscope
How to make a stock plate
apply (pipet) e coli onto plate
grows into colonies
stamp plates to make replicates
Pop G
How the different parameters can affect the outcome of the population.
Examples)
smaller population = genetic fixation
make a certain allele more fit then there will be an accumulation of the gene over time
experiment with Pop G to remember different outcomes
Bean Exercise Calculations
# of beans with certain allele/ #of total beans within that population= % of that allele that was expressed
How PopG and Bean exercise was related
They were related because both are calculating the same thing, but PopG can calculate it more rapidly for multiple generations
General Lab Safety
What technique was used for E Coli stock plates?
Replica plating
What type of environments would you find Archaea?
Extreme environments (Volcanos, extreme salt or acidic environments)
What is the phyla of green algae?
Chlorophyta
What vascular structures in plants can withhold extreme environments?
The cortical bundle is a vascular system which allows the transportation of water and nutrients
Do individuals evolve?
No, only populations
Do dominant alleles have a higher fitness?
No, both alleles have the potential to have a higher fitness. It is dependent on the environment.
Does natural selection act on the genotype?
No, it acts on the phenotype.
Why do we use a computer simulation to test evolution?
It takes too long to physically test it.
A species needs _______ to respond to its environment?
Variation
How could you introduce variation to a population?
Mutation and migration
How are alleles lost?
Small population creates genetic fixation
Why did we use Chlamydomonas for our experiment?
Can reproduce rapidly, photosynthetic, does cost much, easy to measure
Note 
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