BIOL 1209 Final Exam

studied byStudied by 18 people
5.0(2)
Get a hint
Hint

Genetic Equilibrium

1 / 60

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

61 Terms

1

Genetic Equilibrium

No change in allele frequency over time. When evolution is not occurring.

New cards
2

Gene Fixation

When you have alleles gained or lost. The total allele frequency level is at 1 or 0. Usually occurs in smaller populations.

New cards
3

Gene Pool

All alleles present in a population at any given time point. Includes dominant, recessive, more fit, less fit, etc.

New cards
4

Gene Flow

the introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another

New cards
5

Fitness

Measures ones ability to survive and have offspring. What natural selection acts upon. Have more offspring = more fit. Have less or no offspring = less fit.

New cards
6

Allele

One representation that could be present in a genotype

New cards
7

Genotype

Genetic representation of expressed alleles

New cards
8

Phenotype

Physical manifestation of the genotype

New cards
9

Hardy-Weinberg

p^2+2pq+q^2=1. Used this to determine null hypothesis in experiment and when evolution is not occurring.

New cards
10

Evolution

The change of allele frequency over time.

New cards
11

Conditions that need to be present for genetic equilibrium

  1. Large population size

  2. no mutation

  3. no gene flow

  4. random mating

  5. no natural selection

New cards
12

Population Ecology

a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment

Measures:

  1. birth rates

  2. death rates

  3. immigration

  4. emigration

New cards
13

Community Ecology

study of the organization and functioning of communities (multiple populations)

New cards
14

Ecosystem Ecology

the integrated study of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework

New cards
15

Things that affect ecology

Biotic factors: competition, predation, migration, birth rates, death rates

Abiotic factors: light, climate, phosphate levels, nitrogen levels, etc

New cards
16

Population

All individuals that can reproduce together in one area. No inner breeding or mixtures then they are a separate population. Also depends on the breeding seasons. If they have different seasons then that are separate populations.

New cards
17

Food Web

Producers: make their own food from light

Primary consumers: consume producers (herbivores/ omnivores)

Secondary consumers: consume primary consumers (carnivores/ omnivores)

New cards
18

Decomposer

Decomposes organic material

Ex) Fungi, some protists

New cards
19

Autotroph

absorptive, make their own food

New cards
20

Heterotroph

Ingestive, consume other organisms to gain nutrients

New cards
21

Chemical tests in ecology

Add a chemical to the sample, color change occurs, indicates the levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, etc

New cards
22

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles

Nitrogen gas being mixed with bacteria

Phosphate stays in lakes once its there, nitrogen cycles more frequently

Natural entrances for nitrogen and phosphate:

nitrogen- soil and air

phosphorus- rocks, pollution

New cards
23

Carrying Capacity

The amount of resources present in environment limits the population growth: food, competitors, etc

New cards
24

Logistic Growth vs Exponential Growth

Logistic: a population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment

Exponential: the population grows exponentially until it nears the carrying capacity, which is shown by a separate horizontal line. As the population nears the carrying capacity, population growth slows significantly.

<p>Logistic: a population&apos;s per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment</p><p>Exponential: the population grows exponentially until it nears the carrying capacity, which is shown by a separate horizontal line. As the population nears the carrying capacity, population growth slows significantly.</p>
New cards
25

Buncher Funnel

Used in chlorophyll acetate test

<p>Used in chlorophyll acetate test</p><p></p>
New cards
26

pH meter

used to measure pH level of a sample

<p>used to measure pH level of a sample</p>
New cards
27

Thermometer

used to measure temperature

<p>used to measure temperature</p>
New cards
28

Secchi Disk

used to measure clarity

<p>used to measure clarity</p>
New cards
29

replica plate

used to stamp E coli

<p>used to stamp E coli</p>
New cards
30

Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

New cards
31

Kingdoms

Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

New cards
32

Parts of Phylogenetic Tree

Root: most recent common ancestor

Branch: passing of generational time

Nodes: on individual splits into two based off of genetic difference

<p>Root: most recent common ancestor</p><p>Branch: passing of generational time</p><p>Nodes: on individual splits into two based off of genetic difference</p>
New cards
33

Trends of complexity

Vasculature in plants: as they evolve there is most vasculature (review with practice exercise and know each vasculature system with each organism)

tissue layer in animals: an inner layer (endoderm), an outer layer (ectoderm), and a middle layer (mesoderm). Animals with three tissue layers are called triploblasts.

New cards
34

homologous

having the same relation, relative position, or structure

New cards
35

analogous

comparable in certain respects, typically in a way which makes clearer the nature of the things compared

New cards
36

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

Made of three parts: Independent variable, Dependent Variable, how it is Statistically significant or not

New cards
37

R^2

Correlation coefficient, how closely points on a scatterplot best fit to a line

Higher than .35- more closely related

Lower than .35- less related or random points (outliers)

New cards
38

Standard deviation

the variation in data points. More spread out will equal higher standard deviation, points closer together will equal lower standard deviation

New cards
39

Independent Variable

a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another

New cards
40

Dependent Variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another

New cards
41

Parts of the Lab Report

Introduction

Methods

Results (graphs, captions, trends paragraph)

Discussion

know what type of information should go into each section and what tense each section should be written in

New cards
42

APA Citation

General format for in text citing: (First Author last name, year).

  • One author:  (Last name, year)

  • Two authors: (Last name 1 & Last name 2, year)

  • Three or more authors: (Last name 1 et al., year)

References

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.  Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

be able to decipher if a citation is correct or not for test

New cards
43

Primary resources vs peer reviewed articles

Primary resources- immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it

Peer Review- the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work

New cards
44

Parts of Microscope

knowt flashcard image
New cards
45

How to make a stock plate

  1. apply (pipet) e coli onto plate

  2. grows into colonies

  3. stamp plates to make replicates

New cards
46

Pop G

How the different parameters can affect the outcome of the population.

Examples)

smaller population = genetic fixation

make a certain allele more fit then there will be an accumulation of the gene over time

experiment with Pop G to remember different outcomes

New cards
47

Bean Exercise Calculations

# of beans with certain allele/ #of total beans within that population= % of that allele that was expressed

New cards
48

How PopG and Bean exercise was related

They were related because both are calculating the same thing, but PopG can calculate it more rapidly for multiple generations

New cards
49

General Lab Safety

knowt flashcard image
New cards
50

What technique was used for E Coli stock plates?

Replica plating

New cards
51

What type of environments would you find Archaea?

Extreme environments (Volcanos, extreme salt or acidic environments)

New cards
52

What is the phyla of green algae?

Chlorophyta

New cards
53

What vascular structures in plants can withhold extreme environments?

The cortical bundle is a vascular system which allows the transportation of water and nutrients

New cards
54

Do individuals evolve?

No, only populations

New cards
55

Do dominant alleles have a higher fitness?

No, both alleles have the potential to have a higher fitness. It is dependent on the environment.

New cards
56

Does natural selection act on the genotype?

No, it acts on the phenotype.

New cards
57

Why do we use a computer simulation to test evolution?

It takes too long to physically test it.

New cards
58

A species needs _______ to respond to its environment?

Variation

New cards
59

How could you introduce variation to a population?

Mutation and migration

New cards
60

How are alleles lost?

Small population creates genetic fixation

New cards
61

Why did we use Chlamydomonas for our experiment?

Can reproduce rapidly, photosynthetic, does cost much, easy to measure

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 66 people
... ago
4.8(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 44 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 30 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 47 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (131)
studied byStudied by 16 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (35)
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (100)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (35)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 11 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (51)
studied byStudied by 11 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (104)
studied byStudied by 53 people
... ago
5.0(2)
robot