Anthropology 2nd Half

Kinship Principles

The rules and cultural norms that dictate family relationships, inheritance, and social roles within a community, defining how individuals relate to one another through blood or marriage.

Affinal Relationships

Kinship connections through marriage

Consangineal Relationships

Kinship connections through blood. Based on descent.

Fictive Relationships

Kinship relationships based on nurturance (not parent related). Achieved status through adoption, family friends (Uncle Tom), chosen family

Descent

The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define social categories to where people belong.

Bilateral Descent

A descent group formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made equally through their mothers and fathers.

Lineages

European. consist of all the people who they can trance blood/consanguineal ties to a common ancestor

Unilineal Descent

A lineage system where individuals trace their ancestry through either one parent only, typically either the mother or the father.

Patrilineage

A system of lineage in which individuals trace their ancestry exclusively through their father's side of the family.

Matrilineage

A system of lineage in which individuals trace their ancestry exclusively through their mother's side of the family. Central figure is the mother’s brother

Patrician

A unilineal descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor. Gebusi

Sister Exchange

A cultural practice where sisters from one family are given as brides to men of another family, fostering alliances and kinship ties.

Marriage by Levirate

A custom in which a widowed woman marries her deceased husband’s brother to preserve family ties and inheritance rights.

Marriage

Complicated definition. Unites economic and sexual

Endogamy

Marriage within a particular group (lineage, clan, class, ethnic group, religion)

Exogamy

Marriage outside of a particular group or locality

Sororate

A woman marries her dead sister’s husband

Incest Taboo

Universal prohibition against sex and marriage with particular kin

Parallel Cousins

The children of a person’s parent’s same-gender sibling. A father’s brother’s children (vice versa)

Cross Cousins

The children of a person’s parent’s opposite gender children. A mother’s brother’s children (vice-versa)

Bride Service

Labor given by the groom to the bride’s family

Bride Price

Goods and money given by the groom’s family to the bride’s family. To reimburse them for raising her and losing her labor in the family

Dowry

Goods and money given by the bride’s family to the married couple. Considered to be the wife’s contribution to the establishment of a new household. Illegal

Hypergamy

marrying someone of a higher social status. Seen as upward mobility for the wife’s birth family, especially her brothers

Monogamy

one spouse

Polygamy

More than 1 spouse

Polygyny

One husband; more than 1 wife. Linked to power, a wealthy man can afford several wives

Polyandry

One wife, more than 1 husband. Rare. Women typically marry brothers in order to limit the amount of heirs in the lineage

Extended-family households

Newlyweds are assimilated into an existing family unit. Important social and economic unit

Nuclear Family

compromised of a monogamous pair of adults (usually one husband and one wife) and their kids

Unilocal Post-Marital Residence

When new couple lives with one spouse’s family

Patrilocal

The new couple moves to the husband’s community. Most common

Matrilocal

The new couple moves to the wife’s community, keeps related women together

Avuncolocal

A residence occurs when a newly established married couple establishes their home in or near the groom’s maternal uncle’s house

Gender Socialization

the ways humans learn to behave as male/female and to recognize behaviors as masculine/feminine depending on cultural context

Boy’s toys

based on power, action, adventure, and even violence

Girl’s toys

Promote beautification, nurturing, playing house, artificial social networks

Sex

Biological traits for a male/female

Gender

Cultural expression of being male/female

Intersectionality

A term to describe the ways in which differences (age, gender, race, sexual orientation) combine and interact to affect privilege or garner oppression

Diffusion

The spread of a cultural item from its place of origin to other places. Via migration, trade, war, or other contact.

Assimilation

Direct, aggressive contact of one society with another; process of systematic cultural change of a particular society carried out by a more politically/economically/militarily powerful society

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of people, places, and activities around the globe

The Columbian Exchange

The trans-Atlantic exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the old and new worlds

Considered Old World foods

Eurasian/African foods

Considered to be New World foods

American foods

Diffusion

Cultural borrowing. Is selective, different new ingredients are used in different ways

Immigration

Going into a country

Emigration

Leaving/exiting a country

Diaspora

A group of people with common roots that have resettled together in a new area: Little Italy

Class System

Social hierarchy system that shows how social rewards are distributed according to the perceived importance of social positions

Economic capital

Total amount of wealth

Social Capital

Economics from who you know (connections)

Cultural capital

When you have knowledge as how to present yourself as rich and how to spend your money

Income inequality

The rich are getting richer while wages, benefits, and working conditions for workers at the bottom continue to decrease in comparison

Colonialism

a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Plantation System

Large capital investment, large and cheap labor force, results in very large enterprises to grow and process crop

Golden Triangle

A trade that was founded by sugar trades, creating routes between sugar islands

The World Systems Theory

A model of how global, social, economic, and political relations developed and operate as an integral system

Periphery

Countries used for their labor and technology. Provides new resources and cheap labor

Jamaica

The island that was the most valuable possession in the world for more than 150 years. Lots of resources, lots of people.

A Banana Republic

A politically unstable country with an economy dependent upon the exploitation of a limited resource project. Bananas, Minerals

Neo-Colonialism

Imperial political domination is gone, but the ties between colonizers and independent (post-colonial) nations remain. Persists due to local economic challenges.

Modernization Theory

Presumed that development and industrialization represent ‘natural’ path of economic development. Belief that industrialized countries are the most successful.

Neoliberalism

Believe that governments should not regulate private enterprise and allow the free markets to rule, gov not run businesses. Believe in free market and competition

Dependency Theory

Believe that former colonies had become dependent on the aid that they were being given and the only way to emerge as stable independent nations is to dismantle the system of foreign aid.

Refugee

A person who flees due to persecution, war, or violence. They have a well-founded fear of persecution for different reasons.

Asylum Seekers

Those who seek permanent refugee and assistance, they fall into a different political grouping.

Human Trafficking

Is the acquisition(being bought or obtained) of people by improper means such as force, fraud, deception/coercion, with the aim of exploiting them. Connected a lot with war.

Ethnicity

Members of this share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of a common background. Can share a language, religion, historical experience, geographical placement, kinship, or ‘race’.

Genotype

The set of genes an organism carries.

Phenotype

The observable physical features of an organism; may be influenced by genotype, the environment, behaviors, or a mixture of these.

Polygenic

Traits that result from the combined action of multiple genes. Height, skin color, hair texture, and eye shape.

Tipos

Subcategories of race in Brazil. Much more flexible and based on phenotypes.

Hypodescent

Historical pattern of considering someone who has even a small percentage of African ancestry to be black. Drop of blood rule, very American.

Invented Traditions

Many traditions which appear to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented.

Agritourism

Emphasizing agriculture activities as a central part of tourism.

Applied Anthropology

The use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to solve social problems or to direct social action.

Medical Anthropology

The study of disease, health problems, healthcare systems, and theories about illness across cultures and ethnic groups. Not doctors.

Bio-cultural Approach

Includes both biological and cultural inputs to health.

Disease

A condition caused by a pathogen (bacteria, parasite, or virus) which has been scientifically verified.

Illness

A feeling or perception of not being healthy. Can be caused by psychological or spiritual factors tied to an individual’s worldview.

Sick Role

Cultural and social expectations of a sick person.

Biomedicine

Applies the principles of biology and natural sciences to disease diagnosis and healing. ‘Western Medicine.’

Ethnomedicine

Refers to local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values. Shamans, traditional Chinese medicine, folk medicine.

Medical Pluralism

Using different kinds of medicine at the same time. A mix of bio-ethno medicine.

Social Determinants of Health

Measuring how many people die each year and why they died is one of the most important means for assessing the effectiveness of a county’s health system. Underlying factors.

Thrifty Genotype

Genotype that is very efficient at storing food in the body as fat. Useful in times of food uncertainty.