Med Imaging Lecture 1- Study Guide

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The more x rays that reach an area of the film….

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1

The more x rays that reach an area of the film….

the darker that area will be

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2

How will an object appear that is very dense?

It will appear white since less x rays will reach the film

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3

How will an object appear if it is less dense?

It will appear black since more x rays are reaching the film

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4

What color are shadows on x ray films?

White

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5

What color are exposed areas on film?

Black

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6

What is the order of the 5 basic radiographic densities in order of increasing brightness?

1.Gas/air—> Air density, lungs are dark
2.Fat
3.Fluid —> Heart appears lighter than lungs due to containing fluid aka blood
4.Bone —> Composed of calcium and are brighter
5.Metal

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7

What is the affect of the thickness of a body part on image quality?

Thicker body parts absorb more x rays, leads to less x-ray penetration and brighter image

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8

When imaging the chest, which will appear darker: lungs or the ribs and spine?

Lungs, the thinner structure, will appear darker
*Contrast helps in identifying abnormalities like fractures or tumors

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9

What is the effect of motion on image quality?

It can cause blurring, reducing image sharpness and detail.

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10

What is the effect of magnification on image quality?

Image can appear larger or less sharp depending how close the object is to the x ray source and detector.

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11

What is the effect of distortion on image quality?

Image can be stretched or skewed due to xray beam not being perpendicular to the object

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12

What may happen in a lateral x ray of the spine if the patient is not positioned correctly?

Vertebrae may appear elongated or compressed

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13

What are the techniques and clinical uses of CT?

Techniques—> spiral Ct, multi slice CT
Clinical uses —> trauma, cancer, internal organ eval

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14

What are the advantages and limitations of CT?

High resolution images, quick scanning, higher radiation dose

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15

What is the scanning process of CT?

1.Pt lies on a table and slides into a large, doughnut shaped machine (gantry)
2.X ray tube inside gantry rotates around you, sending out narrow beams of xrays through your body

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16

How are images created with CTs?

1.As the xray passes, they are detected by digital x ray detectors on opposite side of body
2.Detectors send data to a computer which processes it to create cross sectional images/slices of the body
3.Slices can be viewed individually or combined to form a 3D image

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17

What types of contrast agents are used in CTs?

Iodine based, barium based, gadolinium

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18

What type of imaging uses radioactive tracers to visualize physiological processes?

Nuclear imagine (PET, SPECT)

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19

What are radioisotopes used for nuclear imaging?

Technetium-99m, Fluorine-18

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20

Which type of imaging uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images?

MRI

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21

What are characteristics of T1 weighted images in MRI?

-highlights fatty tissues
-Fat appears bright while fluid (CSF) appears dark
-Visualizes fat containing tissues and bone marrow

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22

Why do water and fluids appear dark?

They have longer T1 relaxation times

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23

What is used to disturb the alignment of protons in the body’s tissues?

Radiofrequency pulse

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24

What is the time it takes for protons to realign with the magnetic field after the pulse?

Relaxation Time

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25

What are characteristics of T2 weighted images?

-highlight fat and water are white
-edema, inflammation, tumors
-increased water content

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26

Which type of MRI highlights how long it takes for hydrogen atoms in those tissues to lose their energy after being disturbed by a radio wave?

T2 weighted

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27

What is T2 relaxation time?

Time it takes for hydrogen atoms to lose their energy and stop spinning in sync after being hit by a radio wave

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28

Why do fluids or areas with swelling appear bright?

They take longer to lose their energy

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29

What is repetition time (TR)?

Time between each radio wave pulse
*long TR (over 2000ms) ensures that the differences in energy loss times (T2) are more noticeable

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30

What is Echo time (TE)?

Time between radio wave pulse and when the signal is captured
*A longer TE (60-120 ms) helps capture the differences in how quickly tissues lose their energy

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31

Which type of weighted image shows Fat as bright, and water as dark?

T1

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32

Which type of weighted image shows fat and water as bright?

T2

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33

Which type of weighted image uses short repetition time and echo time?

T1

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34

Which type of weighted image is used for pathological detection?

T2

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35

Which type of weighted image uses long TR and TE?

T2

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36

What equipment and techniques are used for MRI?

Magnet and coils
Functional MRI and diffusion MRI
Used for neurology, MSK
**Watch out for metal implants and pacemakers

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37

Which type of imaging uses high frequency sound waves to create images and has echoes reflect from tissues to form images?

Diagnostic Ultrasound

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38

What is the equipment and techniques used for diagnostic ultrasound?

Transducers, ultrasound
-Doppler ultrasound, 3D ultrasound
Obstetrics, cardio
**Non-ionizing radiation

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