Alterations in Oxygenation

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes about Alterations in Oxygenation.

pH (Normal Arterial Blood Gas Value)

7.35-7.45 (Both Sexes)

PCO2 (Partial Pressure Carbon Dioxide) Normal Arterial Blood Gas Value

35-45 mm Hg (Both Sexes)

PO2 (Partial Pressure Oxygen) Normal Arterial Blood Gas Value

80-100 mm Hg (Both Sexes)

HCO3 (Bicarbonate) Normal Arterial Blood Gas Value

22-28 mEq/L (Both Sexes)

SaO2 (Oxygen Saturation) Normal Arterial Blood Gas Value

95-100% (Both Sexes)

Hypoventilation

Insufficient air delivered to the alveoli to provide O2 and remove CO2, resulting in PaCO2 (>45 mm Hg) and hypoxemia; may be caused by drugs, obesity, myasthenia gravis, obstructive sleep apnea, chest wall damage, paralysis of respiratory mm, or pain R/T SX of thorax.

Hyperventilation

Increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli, leading to hypocapnia; may be caused by pain, fever, anxiety, obstructive/restrictive lung disease, sepsis, brainstem injury, or high altitude.

Hypoxemia

Deficient levels of blood O2, measured by low arterial O2 concentration/HGB saturation.

Hypoxia

Decrease in tissue oxygenation due to abnormally low blood flow or PaO2 (perfusion + circulation is low).

Hypoxic Hypoxia

PaO2 is low despite normal O2-carrying capacity; caused by high altitude, hypoventilation, or airway obstruction.

Anemic Hypoxia

Decrease in O2-carrying capacity; may be from an obstruction in artery/vein.

Circulatory Hypoxia

Low cardiac output state; O2-carrying capacity is normal, but blood flow is reduced (e.g., shock, cardiac arrest, severe blood loss, congestive HF, thyrotoxicosis).

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Decreased O2 carrying capacity from a toxic substance (e.g., cyanide poisoning).

Vital Capacity

Total volume of gas that can be exhaled during maximal expiration (≈ 4.8 L); includes respiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory volume.

Total Lung Capacity

Amount of gas contained in lungs at maximal inspiration (≈ 6 L).

Forced Expiratory Flow Rate (FEF25, FEF50, FEF75)

Volume of air forcibly exhaled per unit time (L/sec or L/min) at 25%, 50%, and 75% of forced vital capacity (FVC).

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Difficulty exhaling, increased airway resistance, shortness of breath & coughing, PFT shows increased residual volume, increased CO2 = resp. acidosis.

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Difficulty inhaling, unable to expand lungs, hard to get air in.

Acute Bronchitis

Acute inflammation of the trachea + bronchi by viral or nonviral (coronavirus] recent onset of cough.

Chronic Bronchitis

Type B COPD "blue bloater" chronic or recurrent productive cough of >3 months duration + occurring >2+ successive yrs; airway obstruction is persistent + irreversible.

Emphysema

Type A COPD "pink puffer"; destructive changes of the alveolar walls + abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs without fibrosis.

Sarcoidosis

Acute or chronic systemic disease of unknown cause that commonly affects lungs + lymph nodes dev. of multiple uniform, noncaseating epitheloid granulomas.

Hypersensitive Pneumonitis

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis; restrictive + occupational disease causitive antigen combines with serum antibody in alveolar walls, leading to a type III hypersensitivity ran → diffuse pulmanary fibrosis in upper lobes.

Pneumothorax

Air enters into pleural space in the lung causes lung tissue to leak out air into pleural space.

Pleural Effusion

Pathologic collection of fluid or pus in pleural cavity as a result of another disease process.

Transudates (Pleural Effusion type)

caused by increased hydrostatic or oncotic pressure assoc. w/ HF or other edematous states, such as cirrhosis w/ ascites

Exudates (Pleural Effusion type)

↑ production of fluid as a result of ↑ permeability of the pleural membrane (inflammation) or impaired lymphatic drainage; assoc. w/ malignancies, infections (esp. pneumonia, PE, sarcoidosis

Empyema (Pleural Effusion type)

results from infection in pleural space

Hemothorax (Pleural Effusion type)

blood in pleural space often the result of chest trauma

Chylothorax (Pleural Effusion type)

dev. from trauma as a result of leakage of chyle (lymph fluid) from the thoracic duct or fram. rheumatoid pleural effusion or tuberculosus pleuritis

Kyphoscoliosis

Bone deformity of the chest wall from kyphosis (hunchback appearance; posterior curvature deformity), scoliosis (lateral curvature deformity).

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Chronic inflammation a) the site of ligamentous insertion into the spine or sacroiliac joints → transient acute arthritis of peripheral joints → limited chest expansion.

Obesity

BMI >30; excessive caloric intake &/or reduced caloric expenditure → reduced ventilatory drive & work of breathing.

Pneumonia

An inflammatory reaction in the alveoli + interstitium of the lung, usually caused by infectious agent aspiration (bacteria, atypical,& viral)

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Infection of the lungs & lymph nodes prefer lung apices bc of the higher concentration of O2 by inhaled droplets containing bacterial → pathologic manifestation is Ghon tubercle or complex

Thrombus

Blood clots composed of aggregated platelets, clotting factors, & fibrin that adhere to vessel walls.

Embolus

A collection of material that forms a clot within the bloodstream that lodges to produce a new site of obstruction.

Vasospasm

Sudden constriction of arterial smooth muscle that results in an obstruction to flow.

Inflammation/Phlebitis

[vasculitis] inflammation of the intima of an artery [phlebitis] inflammation of the lining of a vein

Valvular Incompetence

Intimal folds of veins that form the valves can be damaged, interfering w/ the effective flow of blood through a portion of the venous system.

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening + hardening of arteries.

Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries in which plaque builds up inside the arteries.

Aneurysms

Localized dilation of an arterial wall the arteries that may eventually rupture.

Arteriovenous Fistulas

Abnormal communication btwn arteries & veins → they can result in alterations in oxygenation to tissues & systemic hemodynamic changes.

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic collection system may be overwhelmed when changes in capillary or interstitial oncotic pressures ↑ filtration into tissues → obstruction of flow = lymphedema

Hypertension

Primary form does not have an identifiable cause; idiopathic & has modifiable/ non modifiable causes. Secondary form occur secondary to another identifiable cause.

Hypotension

1 drop in systolic BP of 20 mmHg or > or a 1 in diastolic pressure that is 10 mmHg or > within 3 min of moving to an upright position

Raynaud's Syndrome

An extreme vasoconstriction producing cessation of flow to the fingers & toes → initiated by cold or emotional distress.

Thromboagitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)

Rare inflammatory condition affecting both small & medium-size arteries+ veins of the upper & lower extremities, producing varying degrees of destruction (Smoking).

Acute Peripheral Arterial Occlusion

Emergency! that may result in ischemia the limb becomes gangrenous + sepsis from a thrombus or embolus lodging in a major artery, or by an external mechanical compression → compartment syndrome.

Varicose Veins

Superficial, darkened, raised,† tortuous veinsgreater saphenous vein is primarily affected.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Thrombus formation, typically in the legs can dev. chronic venous insufficiency.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Results when valvular incompetence involves the deep veins.

Thrombocytopenia

Platelet disorder where fewer platelets are produced by bone marrow megakaryocytes acquired immune-mediated disorder → Petechiae, purpura, spontaneous bleeding

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

Platelet disorder or abnormality of the blood vessels characterized by autoimmune process that produces inflammation or vasculitis of small vesselsblood infiltrates into supportive tissue causing purpuric lesions.

Hemophilia

Genetic coagulation disorder - X-linked recessive VIII or IX deficiency or abnormal fxn anability to form a fibrin clot results in bleeding

Von Willebrand Disease

Coagulation disorder autosomal dominant disorder of factor VIII carrier protein & platelet disorder vWF interrupts the coagulation pathway, effecting bleeding times

Lymphedema

Alterations in lymphatic flow the normal flow of lymph is obstructed →most commonly caused by surgical removal of lymph nodes or by the destruction of the lymphatics.

Coronary Heart Disease

CHD is characterized by insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the myocardium (ischemia) because of atherosclerotic coronary arteries causing pain

Angina

Chest pain associated w/intermittent myocardial ischemia d/t imbalance between the ♡'s demand for O₂ and its supply.

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Characterized by chest pain that may be mare severe + lasts longer than the pt's typical angina.

Valvular Stenosis

Failure of a valve to open completely resulting in extra pressure work for the heart

Valvular Regurgitation

The inability of a valve to close completely resulting in extra volume work for the heart be more blood must be pumped to maintain adequate forward flow

Mitral Valve Stenosis

The flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle is impaired → Past inflammatory scarring (rheumatic heart disease).

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular systole → Abnormalities of leaflets and commissures with blood backflowing

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Mitral valve balloons into the left atrium during ventricular systole associated w/ other connective tissue disorders → lead to mitral valve regurgitation

Aortic Valve Stenosis

Results in obstruction to aortic outflow from left ventricle into aorta during systole 1 pressure in the left ventricle with high systolic pressure.

Aortic Valve Regurgitation

Results from an incompetent aortic valve that allows blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole Post-inflammatory scarring (Rheumatic heart disease) 1 pressure in left ventricle

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Complication of rheumatic feverimmune-mediated damage to the endocardium acute inflammatory disease that follows infection w/group A Beta-hemolytic strep causes damage to connective tissue in the ♡

Infective Endocarditis

Invasion + colonization of endocardial structures by microorganisms w/ resulting inflammation 1 scarring in vegetations and exposure to IV's + other means

Pericardial Effusion

An accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac (Cardiac Tamponade being life-threatening).

Pericarditis

Inflammation of pericardium.

Heart Failure

A clinical syndrome resulting from a primary condition that inhibits the heart's ability to maintain sufficient cardiac output to aptimally meet metabolic demands of tissues & organs

Left Sided Heart Failure (Backward effect)

Ineffective pumping of the left ventricle results in accumulation of blood within the pulmonary circulation causing pulmonary edema.

Right Sided Heart Failure (Backward effect)

Congestion in the systemic venous system leading to congestion results in impaired fxn and buildup.

Biventricular Heart Failure

Backward buildup of left-sided HF that has progressed to right-sided HF causing cardiac output is reduced, causing issues.