IGCSE EDEXCEL HISTORY CHANGES IN MEDICINE 1848-1948

Change in attitudes

Laissez-Faire - pushed for and changed health

allowed for change to happen and reform to take place.

Queen Victoria - Chloroform

Joseph Lister

antiseptic surgery, carbolic acid for wounds to kill microbes, antiseptic surgery led to aseptic surgery

Florey and Chain

Florey appeals to USA gov money for mass production through funding, worked onto Fleming's discovery, penicillin still used today, effective back in war time

Technology

syringe for vaccinations, ligatures for tightening up the blood vessels after surgery, microscopes, industrialisation, advanced research, blood transfusion, x rays

Wilhelm Rontgen

X rays development, technology as a factor, shrapnel, WW1 mobilised x rays

Alex Fleming

Penicillin discovery, wrote a paper on it and its potential properties, limited by lack of technology to do stuff with it

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

First woman to qualify as a doctor, pioneering physician, broke barriers and stereotypes, 1876 passed a law which allowed women to enter medics as a field of training)

David Lloyd George

Liberal party, liberal reforms, pushed for mass production of penicillin, free meals and national insurance 1906-11, public health

John Snow

worked on chloroform spray > into inhaler, figured out that choler was waterborne disease, removes broad street pump using scientific observation and recording, in 1854

Edwin Chadwick

'Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population' in 1842 proves that cholera linked between dirty and disease ridden homes, told people it was less cost in the long run if they raised taxes to help with sanitation, government did not listen until later

Harold Gillies

WW1 skin grafting, done during war, facial reconstructions

Albert Alexander

change in treatment - tried penicillin, (key feature, led to Florey and Chain)

Robert Koch

anthrax, competition with Pasteur, using his theory advances to vaccinations, stained bacteria to identify, dyes

Louis Pasteur

chicken cholera, discovers (1861) Germ Theory over spontaneous generation, pasteurisation, advances other discoveries such as vaccination, led to sterilisation of hospitals which had wide spread impact

Marie Curie

technology advancement: radiation therapy

Aneurin Bevan

NHS, persuaded doctors that NHS could help

William Beveridge

WW2 Beveridge report, poverty leads to disease, poor needs free health care

Paul Ehrlich

1909, magic bullet, Salvarsan 606, Koch team, stained bacteria, to cure syphilis

Gerhard Domagk

1932, Prontosil (red dye), sulphonamide was the active ingredient, many new drugs using this ingredient

War

advances and pushes for advancement in surgery, blood storage, plastic surgery, shrapnel detecting by x rays, women and medicine advanced

Karl Landsteiner

Blood group discovery, lead to blood transfusion success, blood banks for storing blood and civilians started to donate blood

Florence Nightingale

Nursing schools, Crimean War for soldiers hospitals, separate surgery from other medical procedures, triage, Notes on Nursing, 800 pg essay to queen

Archibald McIndoe

WW2, Surgeon, chemical burns treatment

James Simpson

Replaces Esther with Chloroform, anaesthesia, helped complex surgeries take place

1848 Public Health Act

due to outbreak of cholera, sets up Board of Health for local authorities to improve conditions, did not do much and was abandoned after 6 years. opposition was faced because tax payers didn't want to pay more. At the time the attitude was 'Laissez-Faire'

1875 Second Public Health Act

Because of the Great Stink in 58, and second reform act this was passed

• FORCED local authorities to introduce clean water

• proper drainage sewage

• forced to appoint a Medical Officer of Health

• stopped pollution in rivers

Boer War

made government realise that 40% of men who fought in the war was malnourished and had other diseases linked to poverty 1902

World War 1

World War 2

Cholera outbreak of 1854

Didn't push for another new Public Health Act because the lack of evidence to prove it, as Germ theory not published until 1864

Rowntree

Philanthropist, survey which proved that poor health was directly linked with poverty 1902 ish

Germ Theory 1861

Proves Snow, Chadwick, Farr's studies correct, vaccinations invented, magic bullets as a result, antiseptics and anaesthetics developed

Bazalgette

built London's sewage system after the Great Stink of 1958. experienced engineer, however, he proposed his ideas many times, and was shut down by the Government until the Great Stink