Animal disease exam 2 study set

viruses

non-cellular infectious agents that cannot reproduce independently, lacks independent metabolism, and is usually host specific

virus replication

attach/absorb

entry

uncoating

replication/eclipse phase

assemby/maturation

release

cell or tissue damage

how are viruses pathogenic

how are viruses diagnosed

tissue or cell culture

spread of rabies

1. virus enters tissue from saliva of animal bite

2. virus replicates in muscle near bite

3. virus moves up peripheral nervous system to cns

4. virus ascends spinal cord

5. virus reaches brain and causes fatal encephalitis

   1. virus enters salivary glands and other organs of victim

hantavirus infection

carried by rodents

transmitted to humans via inhalation of contaminated rodent urine, feces, or saliva

25 distinct strains, not all pathogenic

occurs worldwide

hantavirus signs

animals asymptomatic—not treated

humans→ headache, fever, chills, backache, or petechial rash

west nile virus epizootiology

Africa, Europe, the middle east, west and central Asia, and north America

west nile virus transmission

bite of infected mosquito

viremic birds spread virus through mosquitoes

west nile virus clinical signs animals

encephalitis, fever, lethargy, weakness, ataxia, partial paralysis, or death, can also be asymptomatic

west nile virus clinical signs humans

fever, lethargy, weakness ataxia, partial paralysis, or death

west nile virus treatment

symptomatic therapy

Herpes B epizootiology

naturally occurs in macaque monkey in asia

70% of captive and wile macaques are infected

herpes B transmission

bites, scratches, sharp-instrument-related injuries

fomites,aerosol

herpes b clinical signs

macaques→ asymptomatic

humans→most often fatal, muscle weakness, paralysis, conjunctivitis, and dysphagia, progresses to encephalitic clinical signs

death occurs in 70% of cases

herpes b treatment

animals→ not attempted

humans→ decontaminated wounds

antiviral therapy→ acyclovir

influenza clinical signs→ animals

high fever, coughing, dyspnea, anorexia, mucoid nasal discharge

influenza species afflicted

feline, canine, swine, ferrets, mink, marine mammals

influenza clinical signs human

a/b - upper respiratory signs, occasional gastrointestinal signs in children

c - mild respiratory disease in children and young adults

newcastle disease

onset to death in infected birds is very fast

deadly to birds, mild symptoms in humans

newcastle disease transmission

bird droppings, respiratory discharges

newcastle disease clinical signs→ humans

mild conjunctivitis, influenza like symptoms

foot and mouth disease animals affected

cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, hedgehogs, deer, rats

foot and mouth disease clinical signs→ animals

high fever, blisters on tongue, feet, teats, nares, hypersalivation

foot and mouth disease clinical signs→ humans

malaise, fever, nausea, vomiting, red, painful ulcerative lesions on oral mucous membranes

foot and mouth disease treatment

animals- affected animals or herd are culled

humans- treat symptoms, antibiotics for secondary infection

contagious ecthyma causative agent

poxvirdae family, parapoxvirus genus (orf)

contagious ecthyma epizootiology

found worldwide wherever sheep and goats are raised

contagious ecthyma transmission

direct and indirect contact with lesions, scabs, or fomites

virus is viable one month after scabs have healed

contagious ecthyma clinical signs→ animals

papules, pustules, vesicles on the lips, nares, ears, eyelids, and sometimes feet

teat and udder lesions seen in dams with nursing young

lesions heal in one to four weeks

acquired immunity lasts approx. one year

equine encephalitis epizootiology

north, south, and central america-venzuella

equine encephalitis transmission

transmission cycles between mosquitoes and birds. humans and horses are definitive hosts for all three

equine encephalitis signs

neurologic, seizures, ataxia

eee- fatal in 90% of cases involving horses

Ways of Bacterial Classification

Gram +  vs.  Gram -

Sugar Fermentation

Utilization of Oxygen

*Aerobic vs Anaerobic

Occurrence of Infection

Opportunistic Infection

An infection that occurs when the immune system is weakened or compromised, allowing normally harmless bacteria to cause disease.

Staphylococcus sp.

A genus of bacteria that is Gram-positive, salt-tolerant, and commonly found on the skin of most animals.

Streptococcus sp.

A genus of Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore forming bacteria commonly found in the nose, throat, and skin.

Anaplasma

A Gram-negative rickettsial bacterium primarily spread through tick bites, causing symptoms like fever and muscle aches.

Ehrlichia

A Gram-negative rickettsial bacterium transmitted by the Lone Star tick, associated with neurologic symptoms and fever.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is opportunistic and can cause serious infections, particularly in moist environments.

Escherichia coli (E coli)

A Gram-negative bacterium that is part of the normal flora but can cause serious infections under certain conditions.

Pasteurella sp.

A genus of Gram-negative bacteria, with subspecies that can cause diseases in various animals, including bronchopneumonia and mastitis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), which is spread through aerosolized droplets from infected individuals.

Reportable Disease

A disease that is of great public health importance and must be reported to health authorities for tracking and management.

Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Trade & Consumer Protection (DATCP)

The state agency responsible for monitoring and reporting animal diseases in Wisconsin.

Rabies

A viral disease that is transmitted through bite wounds and requires immediate reporting and quarantine measures.

Bite Wounds

Injuries caused by animal bites, which can lead to infections and require medical attention, especially in severe cases.

Autotroph

Utilize inorganic substances, like CO2, for nutrients

Heterotroph

Breakdown organic molecules to acquire nutrients

normal flora

Needed by host to maintain health

Colonization w/out causing disease

Symbiotic/commensal relationship

nonspecific immunity

Includes things such as physical barriers, cilia, mucus production, inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis, and production of complement

Directed against all pathogens; is the initial defense against invading agents

specific immunity

Takes over when the nonspecific mechanisms fail

Targeted for a specific antigen; has memory

Arises from B- and T-lymphocytes

cell mediated immunity

T-lymphocytes directly attack the invading pathogen bearing a specific antigen

Important for protecting against intracellular bacterial or viral infections, fungal diseases, and protozoal diseases

antibody mediated immunity

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that react to antigen

Important for extracellular phases of systemic viral and bacterial infections and protection against endotoxin and exotoxin-induced disease

active immunity

Arises when an animal receives an antigen that activates B- and T-lymphocytes

Creates memory

passive immunity

Arises when an animal receives antibodies from another animal

Provides immediate onset of immunity, but the animal is protected for a shorter time (no memory)

inactive/killed vaccine

made from microbes, microbe parts, or microbe by-products that have been chemically treated or heated to kill the microbe

▶Contain adjuvants (substances that enhance the immune response by increasing the stability of the vaccine in the body); may cause vaccine reactions

▶Advantages: stable; unlikely to cause disease

▶Disadvantages: need repeated doses; possible reactions

live attenuated

Made from live microorganisms that may be fully virulent; microorganisms go through a process of losing their virulence, but must be able to replicate within the patient to provide immunity

▶Advantages: immunity lasts longer; has better efficacy and quicker stimulation of cell-mediated immunity than killed vaccines

▶Disadvantages: possible abortion; can produce mild forms of the disease; can shed into the environment; proper handling/storage is critical

recombinant

A gene or part of a microorganism is removed from one organism (usually the pathogen) and inserted into another microorganism

▶Advantages: fewer side effects; effective immunity; varied routes of administration

▶Disadvantage: increased cost

polynucleotide

DNA vaccines inject DNA that encodes for foreign antigens that is possible to select only the genes for the antigen of interest

antitoxins

Substances that contain antibodies obtained from an animal that has been hypersensitized to neutralize toxins

▶Advantage: quick protection against a toxin

▶Disadvantages: short-lived protection; may contain preservatives that can cause reactions

antiserum

Antibody-rich serum obtained from a hypersensitized or actually infected animal

▶Advantage: provides quick protection against a microorganism

▶Disadvantages: shorter duration of effectiveness; may contain adjuvants

autogenus

Vaccine produced for a specific disease in a specific area from a sick animal

▶Advantage: provides protection against the specific organism in a specific area

▶Disadvantage: may contain endotoxin and other by-products found in the culture

polyvalent

contain more than one antigen

▶Contain a mixture of different antigens and are more convenient to administer because fewer injections are needed

▶Adverse reaction increases as the number of antigens increases

To be approved, must show that each part of the polyvalent vaccine induces the same level of immunity as does the single-antigen vaccine

cocci, bacilli, spirella

shapes of bacteria

diplo-pairs

strepto-chains

staphylo-clusters

bacteria organization

eukaryote

cells that have a membrane bound nucleus

prokaryote

no nuclear membrane

binary fission

one parent cell spits into two identical daughter cells

endotoxin

a toxin that is present inside a bacterial wall and is released when the cell disintegrates

exotoxin

a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into it’s surroundings

entertoxin

a toxin produced in/affecting the intestines

toxonomy

the orderly system of classifying organisms

phyla

groups within kingdoms

obligate

restricted to one mode of life-biologically essential for survival

fimbria

hair like structures on bacteria that enables them to attach to certain body sites and help them not get washed away by body secretions

flagella

structures on bacteria that help propel them frome one area to another and enables them to reach a site where they can survive and multiply

capnophile

microorganisms that can thrive in the presence of high concentrations of co2

thermophile

organism that is adapted to live at relatively high temperatures

coliform

rod shaped bacterium found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals and can cause diarrhea

microaerophile

a microorganism that requires little oxygen

monera

prokaryotic and unicellular - bacteria

gram negative

have lipids in their cell walls that prevent crystal violet stain from entering the cell - rinsing the slide with acetone or alcohol removes the lipids in their cell walls resulting in open pores that can be stained

anthrax

rod shaped bacteria that form endospores, affects ruminants - cattle, sheep, and horses.

anthrax clinical signs

high fever, respiratory and cardiac depression, seizures, produces localized subcutaneous edema typically in the neck, thorax, and shoulder

Brucellosis

affects the reproductive organs and udder

causes abortions in females and inflammatory lesions in male reproductive tract

gram negative

campylobacterosis

bacteria that resides in the intestines of animals, transmitted by contaminated food, milk, or water and causes diarrhea typically 1-7 days after exposure

cat scratch disease

bacteria that causes swollen lymph nodes fever, headache, fatigue, and anorexia - may progress into hepatitis, hepatosplenic, or encephalopathy

clostridial infection

resistant to environmental changes, virulence due to secretion of toxins, transmitted via ingestion, contamination of wounds, colonization of the gastrointestinal tracts, or fecal contaminated equipment

gram positive

eryspleloid

bacteria that can survive in water, soil, decaying organic matter and enters body through traumatized skin

Escherichia coli

resides in the intestines as normal flora but several strains produce toxins that can cause diarrhea. signs range from mild diarrhea to bloody, severe diarrhea with abdominal cramps

Glanders

only found in infected hosts and not in water, soil, or plants

commonly spread by ingestion of contamminated food or water

gram negative

leprosy

transmitted human to human by respiratory secretions and direct contact with the skin lesion. skin lesions vary from mild, self-healing lesions to severe destructive lesions. caused by a slow growing, acid fast bacterium. natural reservoir of infection is the nine banded armadillo

leptospirosis

transmitted via urine from infected rodents which can directly infect someone or can contaminate an environmental source. can enter the body through broken skin, and mucous membranes or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. symptoms include fever, muscle aches, acute renal failure, abortion, and liver disease

listeriosis

food borne bacteria that can be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. clinical signs include encephalitis, abortions, septicemia, and sudden death

melioidosis

found in the environment predominantly in wet soils

clinical signs- lesions, mimics of many other diseases

localized skin infections that may spread to regional lymph nodes, cause lung infections with high fevers

oruithosis

bacteria is excreted in the feces and respiratory secretions of infected birds where it can remain infectious in the environment for months. in birds the acute diseases may present with signs such as weight loss, air sacculates, yellow to green urates, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, and fluffed feathers

pasteurellosis

part of normal oral, respiratory, genital, and gastrointestinal flora in a variety of wild and domestic animals. typically transmitted through animal bites. presents as bronchopneumonia in all ages of sheep and goats