ap euro unit 2

What was simony

The act of buying/selling church offices (positions) despite not being qualified.

What were indulgences

They were a guarantee that if you pay an indulgence for you or your family, you would not get stuck in purgatory (waiting state before heaven) and go straight to heaven. You bought these from clergy/priests

What was nepotism

If a person has the power/connections, they can appoint friends/family to other high positions, despite their inexperience

What happened on October 31, 1517

Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the Wittenberg church (modern-day Germany)

Who was Martin Luther

He was a German priest, and in his 95 theses were critiques of the corruption the Catholic Church had come to, including simonys, indulgences, and hereditary priveliges. His 95 theses sparked the Protestant revolution.

What one quote depicted what Martin Luther believed

“Salvation is by grace alone through faith”

Contrary to the Catholic church, that said salvation is earned BY faith and good work

What was the diet of worms

because of his controversial 95 theses, Martin Luther was put on trial by the Catholic Church, in which they demanded he renounce his beliefs.

Was Martin Luther killed after the “diet of worms”

No, he went into hiding and was given protection by Frederick iii, one of many German princes who supported Luther. Not because they believed in him, but because they saw his influence was weakening the pope’s power, therefore giving them more.

Who created Calvinism

John Calvin

What was Calvinism?

Calvinism is a branch of Protestantism, in which people believed in predestination (God decided at the beginning of time who would be “saved” and who wouldn’t. those who were chosen were the “elect” (you “knew” you were an elect if you desired salvation.

Difference between Catholic and Calvinist salvation beliefs?

Catholic - Faith + good deeds = salvation Calvinism - faith = salvation = good deeds (performed good deeds after because they thought it was the award of their salvation)

Where did John Calvin set up his welfare state?

In Geneva - It became a theocracy (state and church combined) and required regulations such as ; no drinking, swearing, or dancing, in order to remain an elect

Who wrote the “institutes of the Christian religion”

John Calvin ; this was the first complete doctrine containing Protestant beliefs.

What did Anabaptists believe in

Not in infant baptism, but adult baptism (baptism is valid only after a person has made a conscious decision to follow Jesus) ; were also pacifists

What were French Protestants called

Huguenots

What was the massacre of vast

After Charles IX ascended the French throne, his mother took over for him, and encouraged the eradication of Huguenots in France. The massacre was of Huguenots, in which Catholic troops murdered them.

What was the St. Bartholomew’s day massacre

Charles IX’s sister was to be married to Henry of Navarre, a huegenot. He invited many to his wedding, during which was stormed under Catherine De Medici’s (MIL)command, and triggered a Killing spree which killed 10-20 thousand Huguenots. Henry was spared because he converted to Catholic.

Who was the war of the Henry’s between?

Henry III - Catholic ; brother of Charles IX, also current king, but wasn’t liked by his subjects

Henry of Navarre - His wedding was the St. Bartholomew’s massacre. Although he converted, he remained sympathetic to Protestant beliefs.

Henry of Guise - extremely catholic ; Wanted to completely remove Protestants from French

Out of the war of the Henry’s, who ascended the throne?

Henry of Navarre

What did Henry of Navarre issue when he became king.

Took the throne as Henry IV (4), and issued the “Edict of Nantes” (1598) - Granted religious freedom and equality to Huguenots

What was the peace of Augsburg

Holy Roman emperors Chances V (5) passed this treaty that gave individual rulers throughout the HRE territories ro decide whether their subjects were Lutheran or Catholic. Didn’t include Calvinism.

How did the 30 years war begin

In response to exclusion of Calvinism, Calvinist leader Frederick I challenged the HRE emperor by shutting down Lutheran churches in Bohemia, breaking the peace of Augsburg.

How did the bohemian Protestants remarriage to Frederick I?

Bohemian Protestants captures Ferdinand’s officials, led them to a castle in Prague, and threw them out the window. This became known as the “defenestration of Prague”

This officially began the 30 years war.

What was phase 1 of the 30 years war?

The bohemian phase (1618-1625) - Smaller scale war, only fought between the Protestant Union and the Catholic league. The HRE emperor Frederick II defeated the Protestants at “battle of white mountain”, and reestablished Catholicism in many German states.

What was phase 2 of the 30 years war?

The danish phase (1625-1630) King of Denmark became involved, and fought against Catholic forces. (he was Protestant) This phase is when the war began to shift to a transnational conflict. Denmark was defeated, and Protestants lost again.

What was phase 3 of the 30 years war?

Swedish phase (1630-1635) - War extended beyond the HRE borders. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden fought for Protestant causes, and achieved major victories. Funding from Cardinal Richelieu of France greatly helped him. This phase is where the focus of the war began to shift from a religious to political one.

What ended the 30 years (and 80 years) war?

The peace of Westphalia - Also marked the end of all of Europe’s religious wars. This treaty kept the emperor weak, and all its individual rulers strong. Also edited the peace of Augsburg, to include Calvinism as a legitimate belief.

What was the Catholic reformation (counter reformation)

A period where Catholic Churches responded to criticism and the Protestant reformation.

What was the Roman inquisition?

Developed by Pope Paul III - gave authority to church officials to arrest or execute heretics (Protestants)

How did the Catholic reformation want to stop the influence of the Protestants?

Censorship: Destroyed, and forbid Protestant (or scientific Revolution) books to stop its spread of influence any farther

What was the council of Trent (1545-1563)

Gatherings held in the Catholic Church to convene in response to the Protestant reformation. In which they admitted their corrupt practices (indulgences, simonys, etc), in forbid them.

However, by reaffirming doctrines such as the scriptures and 7 sacraments and more cut was apparent reconciliation between Protestant and Catholics wasnt possible. (Because the Catholics outrightedly rejected their beliefs)

Who was the Jesuit order founded by

Ignatius of Loyola - Jesuits were missionaries who took vows of poverty and chastity, and were sent internationally to spread Catholicism.

What was the social hierarchy

A person’s social status established at birth by one’s wealth and family.

(However, with the rise of merchant elites, raising one’s status was for the first time now possible.)

What was the lower house of the British parliament

The House of Commons - citizens without land (even if they were wealthy)

What was “Querelle De Femmes”

What was the upper house of the British parliament

The House of Lords - citizens (lords) who owned land

What was one thing both Catholic and Protestant leaders strongly believe in

Witchcraft - Belueved because women were more “inferior”, they were therefore more susceptible to deception by the devil. Any occurring illness/unfortunate events were blamed on them. From 16th to 17th century, 40-60 thousand women were killed.

Who Pinterest “the last judgment” in the Sistine chapel

Michelangelo - His artwork contained themes of mannerism

Mannerism : distorted figures, musculature, vibrant colors, and dramatic expressions, to show the emotional states of their subjects intensely.

Who painted the “elevation for the cross”

Peter Paul Ruben’s - His artwork contained themes of Baroque.

Baroque : Extravagant, detailed, ornate, emotional and dramatic (this style was used to display wealth and power by the Catholic church)