Dr. Brown A&P 1 Exam 2 ETSU

Cardiac

Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue that resists abrasion

Stratified

stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelium that makes up your epidermis

simple columnar epithelium

This epithelium lines most organs on the digestive tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Which epithelium lines the trachea? What structures are prominent in this epithelium?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the trachea. Cilia, and goblet cells are prominent.

Which type of connective tissue is a biological packing material?

Loose or areolar tissue

What three connective tissues are specialized?

Cartilage, bone, and adipose

What is the function of each specialized connective tissue?

Bone makes blood and stores calcium, cartilage is framework for bone and provides cushioning in some structures of the body, adipose is storage of fat.

Which type of dense connective tissue is parallel and makes up tendons or ligaments? Regular or irregular.

Regular

What is the purpose of connective tissue proper?

To connect things

What is the bulk tissue of connective tissue proper?

Fibers, Minerals, and Bones

What type of fibers are more abundantly found in fibrocartilage?

Collagen fibers

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

Hyaline

Which type of cartilage has a spongy matrix?

Elastic

Which type of cartilage is used as the framework for bone in endochondral ossification?

Hyaline

Laura is having issues with peristalsis in her GI tract. What type of muscle is she having an issue with

Smooth muscle

How many places is cardiac muscle found in the body?

Only one place, the heart

Which of the three types of muscles is voluntary and striated?

Skeletal

Carlos says he can control his heart rate just like he can control his arm. Why isn't this true?

Because cardiac muscle isn't voluntary.

What is the difference between your erythrocytes and your leukocytes?

Your erythrocytes are your red blood cells that carry oxygen and your leukocytes are white blood cells that fight against infection.

What are the functions of the dendrite?

Dendrites receive the signal from the axon terminal of other neurons.

Tightly packed connective tissue which resists strain along multiple axis. What type of connective tissue is this and where is it found?

Irregular connective tissue and found in the dermis of the skin.

Loose or areolar tissue is made up of loose fibers in cells. What does this loose tissue act as?

The glue that holds the adjacent tissue together.

What is the name for bulk transport of particles by vesicles outside the cell?

Exocytosis

What movement uses energy to move particles against their concentration gradient?

Active Transport

What is cholecalciferol, and what is its function?

Also known as vitamin D3, it is the end molecule produced by exposure of UV light. It is an active form of vitamin D when it is exposed to UV light. This molecule helps the body to absorb calcium.

What is the part of your brain which controls internal body temperature? What is the process called?

It is your hypothalamus which controls thermoregulation.

What main structures does the hypothalamus target to control temperature? Signals are sent to your muscles to shiver, and your integument to constrict capillaries.

Signals are sent to your muscles to shiver, and your integument to constrict capillaries. When the muscles quiver, heat is released when energy molecules are broken down in the muscle fibers.

True or false: melanocytes are organelles.

False: melanocytes are cells, and melanosomes are organelles.

What cell makes melanosomes?

Melanocytes

Sidney has auburn hair and freckles. What pigment does she have an abundance of?

Pheomelanin

What causes blushing?

Capillaries dilating on the surface of skin, allowing blood to rush to the surface

Compare and contrast thin and thick skin.

Thick skin has five layers of keratinocytes and doesn't contain sebaceous glands, hair follicles, or apocrine glands. It is found only on the soles of feet and palms of hands. Thin skin has four layers of keratinocytes and is found everywhere thick skin is not

What layer of skin does thick skin have that thin skin does not?

Stratum Lucidum

Which is more important in determining skin color? Amount of melanocytes or melanin produced by melanocytes?

The amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes

. What two things form a physical barrier for pathogens?

Keratin and surface film

Where is keratin produced?

By the keratinocytes which make up the layers of the epidermis

What is cyanosis?

Blue skin as the result of oxygen loss in the body

What gives skin its reddish tint?

Dilated blood capillaries in the dermis, allowing increased blood flow

Which gland produces sebum?

Sebaceous glands

McKenna was stung by a bee. Why did she feel it?

Because she has specialized nerve sensory organs that detected the sting

Which sweat glands are found in your axillary region and are associated with hair growth and bad smell?

Apocrine glands

What is the function of sebum?

To lubricate

Belle has pores on her face that have been blocked by sebum. Inside these pores the bad bacteria is fermenting. What type of pimple is occurring on Belle's face?

A papule

Pustules contain lots of what type of blood cell?

Leukocytes

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

When body temperature increases, you start to sweat

Where do your apocrine glands develop?

In areas abundant in hair follicles

Where do eccrine glands develop?

Near the surface of skin. They open directly on the surface of your skin

What is Langerhans defense?

Langerhans cells are found near the surface of skin and patrol for dangerous microbes. They provide important innate defense from harmful particles in the atmosphere

How does UV radiation contribute to the absorption of calcium in the body?

UV radiation converts pre-vitamin D into a form of vitamin D (cholecalciferol). This cholecalciferol is later converted into another form of vitamin D (calcitriol, a hormone structure) which can actively target portions of the body to become more accessible to calcium

intersitial growth

produces long bones as the cartilage lengthens and it replaced by bone tissue

appositional growth

new bone tissue is deposited on the surface of the bone, resulting in bone thickening

Chondroblasts are found in

cartilage

Osteoblasts are found in

bone

Epiphysis

(head) mostly spongy

Diaphysis

(shaft) mostly compact

Diploe

spongy bone in flat bones

Fibrous joints are

synarthroses

cartilaginous joints are

amphiarthroses

synovial joints are

diarthroses

6 classes of Diarthroses

pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condyloid, and ball-and-socket joints.

3 types of blood cells

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues

Leukocytes

white blood cells that fight infection

Thrombocytes

another name for platelets

5 functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

Microvilli

increase surface area

Cilia

to move fluids over the epithelium

5 major tissues in the human body

Epithelial, connective, adipose, nervous, blood

Meissner's corpuscle

Found high in the dermis (near the dermoepidermal junction)

Senses light pressure (touch) and low frequency vibrations

Paccinian corpuscles

Found in hypodermis. Detects deep touch (pressure), stretch, and high frequency vibration

Merkel cells

Book calls them tactile epithelial cells. Found in stratum basalec. Detects light touch and discriminative pressure (fine differences in texture etc.)

Nociceptors

Found in dermis. Detect pain, temperature, itch, and tickle