QD

DOCUMENTS

Is any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible that may present or ultimately or ultimately convey a meaning to someone, maybe in the form of pencil, ink writing, or typewriting or printing on paper

is any written document by which a right is established or an obligation is extinguished

is every deed or instrument executed by a personbywhich some disposition or agreement is approved, evidenceD or set forth.

is any physical embodiment of information o ride as letter, a contract, a receipt, a book of account, blueprint, or an X-Ray plate

Questioned/DisputedDocuments

One of which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity, identity, or origin. It may be a deed, contract, will, election ballot, marriage contract, etc

Holographic Document

Any document completely written and signed by one person is also known as . In a number of jurisdiction, holographic document can be probated without any one having witness its execution.person is also known

Standard/StandardDocuments

Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from a known source

Those things whose origin are known and can be proven and which and can be legally used as example to compare with other matters in question.

Reference Collection

Material compiled and organized by the document examiner to assist him answering special questions

Public Document

A document created, executed, or issued by a public official in response to the exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public official intervened

Official Document

A document which is issued by a public official in the exercise of the functions of his office. An official document is public document. It falls within the

A document required by a bureau to be filled by its officers for the purpose of its record and information

Private Document

Every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a public notary or of other person legally authorized, by which document some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced, or set forth

Commercial Document

Any instrument defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce or any other commercial law.

Standard

They are known writings that indicate how a person writes. A writer manifests fixed habits in his writing that identify him. This fact provides the basis for an opinion of conclusion regarding any writing identification problem.

Exemplar -

Specimen of the writing of suspects are commonly known as . The term standards is a general term referring to all authenticated writings of the suspects while exemplars refers more especially to a specimens of standard writing offered in evidence or obtained or request for comparison with the questioned writing.

Sample

a selected representative portion of the whole is known as a sample. In this text, the term“sample” follows closely the statistical usage.

Collected Standards

- documents previously written in the normal and day to day course of business and known to be genuine;may include bank records, letters, legal forms, etc.; are known genuine handwriting of an individual such as signature and endorsement on cancelled checks, legal papers, letters, commercial, official, public and private document and other handwrit ing such as letters,memoranda, etc. written in the course of daily life, both business and socials

Requested Standards

- samples that the subject is requested to give in order to facilitate the document examination; are signatures or other handwriting or hand printings written by and individual upon request for the purpose of comparison with other handwriting or for specimen purposes.

Post Litem Motam exemplars

- writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have come into dispute and solely for the purpose of establishing his contentions.

Ancient writings

the courts have admitted writings on ancient document as standard comparison

Forensic Document Examination

Is the practice of the application of the document examination to the purposes of the law. This includes the identification of handwriting,typewriting, the authenticity of signatures, alterations in documents,the significance of inks and papers, photocopying processes, writing instruments, sequence of writings and other elements of a document in relation to its authenticity or spuriousness.

Forensic Document Examiners

refers to a persons who study all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity, origin handwriting, photocopies, inks and paper

The Litigant

one of the affected in the outcome of the examination and the most interested party of the document being disputed.

Legal counsel

serves the litigant who ensures the winning of the case at the most possible case.

Judge -

determine whether to appreciate or reject the services to a particular proceedings in a case.

WRITING

Are letters or symbols that are written or printed on a surface to represent the sound or words of a language

it conveys ideas or message to others

Cave writings

Called PETROGLYPH AND PETROGRAMS

MOST POPULAR EARLY WRITING

hieroglyphics

Egyptian word picture are called

phonographs

words and picture developed into symbol which were then used to represent sounds or syllables

roman scribes

invented the lowercase letters that were patterned from the capital letters.

handwriting

• is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being used as a vhole, and combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort

visible speech

paleography

• study of ancient handwriting.

• This focuses on deciphering historical text.

• The term came from the greek words plaios meaning "old" and graphein meaning "to write"

• It is the study of early writing, it embraces ancient and thatever scripts, from tihein. Greek and Latin and

Iconograph

graphical representation of object and ideas on walls, this is how neolithic man began written communication as long as 2000 yrs ago

Scribe

a person who writes books or documents as a profession.

Calligraphy

- the art of beautiful handwriting.

Bernard de Montfaucon

laid the foundation for Greek studies with Paleographica Graeca (1708) which is the oldest surviving Greek literary papyri to date 300 BC or earlier.

Cursive

means running, connected, writing in which one letter is jointed to the next.

Script

- separated or printed writings.

BLOCK

ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.

Finger Movement

- the thumb, the fist, the second and the third finger are in actual motion. Most usually employed by children and illiterates

Hand Movement

Produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the center of attraction.

Forearm Movement

- the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm with the support of the table.

Whole arm Movement

- action of the entire arm without resting.
I.g. Black board writing.

Lack of rhythm

characterized by succession of awkward independent poorly directed and disconnected motions

Importance of rhythm

- by studying the rhythm of the succession of strokes, one can determine if the writer normally and spontaneously or write with hesitation as if he is attempting to go for another signature.

Arcade

- a rounded strokes shaped like an arch. It is slow mode of connection resulting from controlled movement

Garland

links the downward strokes with a flowing curve swinging from left to right.

Angular Connective Form

when the downward strokes and the upward strokes meet directly. This type of connection imposes a check on the continuity of movement which is characterized by an abrupt stop and start in each turning point.

Threadlike connective form

the joining of the downward and upward strokes meet directly

Spencerian script

is a script style flourished in the united states

• Platt Rogers Spencer -

whose name the style bears, as impressed with the idea that america needed a penmanship style that could be written quickly, legibly, and elegantly to aid with matter of business correspondence aswell as personal letter writing

D'Nealian Copybook

commonly used in the United States since 1980.

General (Class) Characteristics

these refers to those habits that are part of basic writing system or which are a modification of the system of the writing found among so large of writers that in only have slight identification value

Accidental Characteristics

- these isolated, brief, or temporary digression from normal writing practices observed in writing standards.

Individual Characteristics

- are the result of the writer’s muscular control, coordination, age, health, nervous, temperament,frequency, personality and character