sike

BIopsychosocial model

When thoughts and behaviors affect the environment, then the environment affects human biology which, in turn, affects behavior, this describes the

threatens an organism and elicits a coping resposne

A stressor is any event or stimulus that

Uncontrollable

Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are

Hypothalamus

The HPA axis involves initial activation of the

Remembering information

Maya’s HPA axis has been activated over many weeks. You can deduce that after chronic HPA activation over this long period of time, Maya will most likely have problems in

Adaptation

___ is not a phase of the general adaptation syndrome

Have an optimal level

Stress Hormones:

Angry or Depressed

Recent research on predictors of heart disease suggests that people who are ___ are particularly vulnerable to cardiac problems

A major health problem in contemporary society

Being overweight is:

Increase your social support network

If Aimee wants to increase her lifespan by a few years, which of the following pieces of advice is recommended?

Sensorimotor (0-2), pre-operational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11 to adulthood)

What is the order of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive developement?

Embryonic stage

The nervous system begins to develop during this stage

Zone of proximal development

Mrs. Alvarado watches her 9-month-old son, Ramon, as he attempts to stack the circular rings on the post in order from largest to smallest. She lets him struggle but offers to help if he gets too frustrated. Vygotsky would say that Mrs. Alvarado has a good understanding of her child’s

Both glasses have the same amount

As children watched, Dr. Vallance poured the same amount of juice into two identical glasses. Then she poured the juice from one of those glasses into a taller, narrower glass. When asked which glass now has more juice, children in the concrete operational stage say that

M&Ms

A grade school teacher showed her class of 6-year-olds an M&M box and opened it to reveal pencils instead of candy. Then she closed the box and asked the children what they originally had thought was in it. According to the false belief test, the children would likely say

The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people

Egocentrism in children is due to

The brain’s way of doing away with synaptic connections that are not being used

Synaptic pruning is

Tactile comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress

Harlow did an experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, requiring them to make a choice between an imitation mother that provided contact comfort of one that provided food. The results demonstrate that for this species:

Objects exist even you cannot see them

Object permanence refers to the child’s awareness that:

Prefrontal cortex

The development of a theory of mind is linked to development in which area of the brain?

It is not afraid of strangers when caregiver is present

One sign that a child is securely attached to its caregivers is that

Be about twice as likely to experience symptom relief, even though his expectancy about relief is the same

Marcus, who is depressed, was recruited for a study in which he will receive either an antidepressant or a placebo. Marcus receives the drug treatment. Compared to people receiving placebo treatment, he will:

Allowing serotonin to remain in the synapse

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by:

Serves to relieve or reduce anxiety

Persons diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder frequently perform the same act over and over again. The best explanations for this is that the act:

Kim

According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following people is most likely to become depressed?

* Ann, who experienced both abuse and neglect as a child
* Jane, who had a pleasant childhood but who currently experiences high amounts of stress at home and work
* Kim, who experienced abuse as a child and was recently laid off from her job
* Stephanie, who has a stable personality but who was recently laid off from her job

Excesses like hallucinations/delusions; deficits like social isolation

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia consist of , while negative symptoms of Schizophrenia consist of ___

Comorbidity

Many mental disorders occur together, a state called

Attention deficit

Which of the following disorders has a higher prevalence in males than females?

* Schizophrenia
* Major Depression
* Anorexia
* Attention Deficit

More women than men have depression in a 2:1 ratio

Which of the following is the best description of the gender differences in incidences of depression?

* More men than women have depression in a 4:1 ratio
* Men and women are about equal on incidence of depression
* More women than men have depression, but only before puberty
* More women than men have depression, in a 2:1 ratio

Age of onset, gender, and culture

The prognosis for patients with Schizophrenia depends on

The use of appropriate drugs in combination with some kind of psychological treatment

Across a number of mental disorders it has been shown that the best treatment approach typically is:

Jan

Which of the following adolescents would be most likely to experience suicidal thinking during treatment?

* Tom, who is taking tricyclic
* Bob, who is in cognitive-behavioral therapy
* Jan, who is taking prozac
* Lee, who is taking a placebo

Ritalin; Behavioral therapy

Thomas, a twelve-year-old male, showing symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For example, he does not pay attention in school and does not complete, or misplaces, homework. Other students regard his frequent disruptive behavior in the classroom as an annoyance. He has trouble playing sports or sticking with any activity that requires his attention for prolonged periods. The first-line treatment for Thomas would typically be __________; however, __________ is also recommended because its effects tend to be more long-lasting.

Psychological and biological

The two basic approaches to treating mental illness are:

Medications

The extensive use of ___ is largely responsible for the dramatic reduction in the number of individuals institutionalized for mental disorders in the latter half of the last century

Anxiety and mood disorders

Cognitive-behavioral therapy works best with:

Dopamine

Antipsychotic medications used to treat Schizophrenia are believed to block ___ receptors in the brain

Social roles

The Stanford Prison study suggested that ___ guide behavior

Cognitive dissonance theory

Miguel’s advertising job involves marketing a children’s cereal that is unhealthily higher in sugar. This assignment makes him uncomfortable, so he tries to convince himself that the cereal is not all that bad. His attempt to change his attitude is explained by:

Attractive and credible

Sources of information who are ___ tend to be the most persuasive

Announced the wrong answer

In Asch’s line-judging study of conformity; after two trials the actual participant:

Decreased, increased

Stanley Milgram found that when the distance between teacher and learner ___, and when the distance between experimenter and teacher ___, teacher obedience declined

Large; strictly uniform

Soloman Asch found that in terms of size and unanimity, people are most likely to conform when groups are___ , and ___,

Being in an ambiguous situation

All of the following increase the likelihood of deindividuation EXCEPT:

* feeling aroused
* being in an ambiguous situation
* feeling anonymous
* diffused responsibility

Focus on trying to describe the resulting uncomfortable feeling

All of the following are ways that a person can reduce cognitive dissonance EXCEPT:

* Change their attitude
* Change their behavior
* Trivialize the attitude-attitude or attitude-behavior discrepancy
* Focus on trying to describe the resulting uncomfortable feeling

Response times on trials where female names are paired with negative words will be relatively fast

Andre has just been through a messy breakup with his girlfriend, on top of a series of many bad relationships. Andre has come to believe that women are nothing but trouble, and quite possibly the root of all evil and source of all stress in the world. Based on what you know about the implicit attitudes test, which one of the following patterns would you predict?

* Response times on trials where female faces are paired with positive words will be relatively fast
* Response times on trials where male faces are paired with positive words will be relatively slow
* Response times on trials where female names are paired with negative words will be relatively fast
* Response times on trials where female faces are paired with negative words will be relatively slow

Perceived group membership

When someone employs a stereotype, he is judging a person in terms of their

Pictures of Republicans and negative words would be paired most slowly

The implicit attitudes test (IAT) would predict which of the following about an individual who holds implicit beliefs that Democrats will bankrupt the US?

* Pictures of Republicans and negative words would be paired most slowly
* Pictures of Republicans and positive words would be paired most slowly
* Pictures of Democrats and negative words would be paired most slowly
* Pictures of Democrats and positive words would be paired most rapidly

Attitudes and behavior can make a disorder or symptoms worse, sometimes resulting in hospitalization or a visit to an emergency department. For example, severe stress can temporarily weaken the heart, or chronic work-related stress can increase the risk of high blood pressure.

How do psychological factors affect health?

How do we respond to stress? What are the physiological/biological, subjective, and behavioral aspects of stress?

\-hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal(HPA) axis \n -HPA activated within minutes \n --Release of cortisol,main human stress hormone \n -Physiological effects \n --Boosts action of adrenaline \n --Increases blood glucose \n --Suppresses non-essential function \n ---EX: growth, digestion, reproduction \n -We rely on it daily to respond to stress

How do we respond to stress? What are the physiological/biological, subjective, and behavioral aspects of stress? How does stress affect health?

Shows that key psychosocial factors turn stress into bad health, low social status individuals with high SAM activity and elevated blood pressure, subordinate animals and primates prone to atherosclerosis even with same diet

Sapolsky’s work (as shown in the film and discussed in lecture) highlights what types of associations between stress and health?

**Adaptive** coping strategies generally involve confronting problems directly, making reasonably realistic appraisals of problems, recognizing and changing unhealthy emotional reactions, and trying to prevent adverse effects on the body. **Maladaptive** coping includes using alcohol or drugs to escape problems.

How do people cope with stress? Differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies.

Hans Seyle identified the three stages your body goes through when undergoing stress.

* Alarm reaction stage
* Resistance stage
* Exhaustion stage

Allostatic Load is an indicator of cumulative biological changes associated with chronic disease

Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). How is allostatic load related?

is wear and tear on the body which grows over time when the individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress

How does McEwen’s concept of “allostatic load” relate to and depart from the GAS mode?

Diseases with clear, strong lifestyle/life choices are leading causes of death in the US

What is meant by “life style diseases”

* Socioeconomic dimensions of stress
* chronic stress a key link between challenging socio-economic conditions and negative health
* importance of socioeconomic status (SES) gradient - each downward in SES is associated with poorer health

What does the Whitehall study tell us about the associating between economic status/social hierarchy and health?

Toxic Stress

* Strong prolonged activation of the boys stress response system in the absence of the buffering process of adult support
* Can damage developing brain architecture and create a short fuse for the boys stress response systems, leading to lifelong problems in learning, behavior, and both physical and mental health

\
Tolerable Stress

* Stress responses that could be disruptive, but is buffered by supportive relationships
* Allows the brain an opportunity to recover from potentially damaging effects

What differentiates toxic from tolerable stress?

Primary Appraisal

* Initial decision about whether situation is stressful, benign or irrelevant

\
Secondary Appraisal

* Evaluate response option and select coping behaviors
* Reappraise
* Positive reappraisal: making the best out of a bad situation

How do appraisal processes help to shape the impact of stress?

* Efforts to manage or modify the source of the stressful situation
* Problem-solving, generating alternatives
* Effective when stressor controllable or moderate

How do coping styles help to shape the impact of stress?

Emotion Focused Coping

* Efforts to manage or reduce the emotional distress that is aroused in stressful situations
* Distraction; avoidance; relaxation/mindfulness; emotional support; substances
* Don’t solve, but enable continued functioning when stressor uncontrollable or too great

\
Problem Focused Coping

* Efforts to manage or modify the source of a stressful situation
* Problem-solving, generating alternatives
* Effective when stressor controllable or moderate

Differences between Emotion Focused Coping and Problem Focused Coping

Teratogen

any factor that can cause a birth defect

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

sensitive period

the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly

Discontinous Development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

continuous development

A: Insecure-Avoidant (10-20%)
B: Secure (50-70%)
C: Insecure-Resistant (10-20%)
D: Disorganized/Disoriented (5-10%)

Attachment Classifications

Assimilation: Attempting to interpret new information within the framework of existing knowledge. Accommodation: Making small changes to that knowledge in order to cope with things that don't fit those existing frameworks.

Piaget theory of learning

Sensorimotor: (birth to 18/24 months) object permanence

Preoperational: (2 to 7 years) Symbolic thought

Concrete Operational: (7-11 years) Logical thought

Formal Operational: (adolescence to adulthood) Scientific reasoning

Piaget's stages of cognitive development (what are they, actual order and core feature of child's abilities at that stage)

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

zone of proximal development

social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years

socioemotional selectivity theory

knowledge and skills gained through experience and education and the ability to access that knowledge; intelligence that tends to increase over the life span

Crystalized intelligence (gc)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

fluid intelligence

the branch of medicine that investigates the causes and conditions of epidemics

Epidemology

the clinical picture of all the patient's symptoms and signs

symptomatology

cause of disease

Etiology

As applied in psychopathology, a view that assumes that individuals predisposed toward a particular mental disorder will be particularly affected by stress and will then manifest abnormal behavior.

diathesis-stress

scientific study of psychological disorders

Psychopathology

A method of defining mental disorders in which each disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms

medical model of psychopathology

The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach.

psychology model of psychopathology

Epidemiology:
Occurs in 6-8% of school-aged children
Symptoms are usually identifiable by age 3 or 4,
68% of children with ADHD have problems as adults,
Boys outnumber girls 4:1,
Probability of ADHD diagnosis greatest in the US

Symptomatology:
Often has trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (e.g., loses focus, side-tracked). Often has trouble organizing tasks and activities.

Etiology: Genetics

ADHD

Epidemiology: Depression is a prevalent and pernicious disorder. About 1 in 5 US adults have at least 1 lifetime episode of major depression. Of those with depression, the majority will relapse over the long-term and many will have poor mental health outcomes and psychosocial disabilities.

Symptomatology: Depressive symptomatology is the grouping of symptoms that categorise depression, including low mood and loss of pleasure in everyday activities that is beyond typical negative emotions that an individual would experience.

Etiology: childhood experiences.
life events.
other mental health problems.
physical health problems.
genetic inheritance.
medication, recreational drugs and alcohol.
sleep, diet and exercise.

Depression

Epidemiology: About one in 100 children has autism. Characteristics may be detected in early childhood, but autism is often not diagnosed until much later.

Symtomaology: problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. People with ASD may also have different ways of learning, moving, or paying attention. It is important to note that some people without ASD might also have some of these symptoms.

Etiology: likely to be multifactorial, with both genetic and non-genetic factors playing a role

ASD

Anxiety

Epidemiology: Most prevalent psychiatric disorder-31% of population

Symptomatology: Feeling nervous, restless or tense. Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom. Having an increased heart rate.

Etiology: an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes.

Epidemiology: Anorexia- 4% females, 0.3 males

Bullimia- 0.5% females, 0.08 males.

Symptomatology: Rigid rituals and routines surrounding food and exercise. Feelings of guilt and shame associated with eating. Preoccupation with food, weight and body image that negatively impacts quality of life. A feeling of loss of control around food, including compulsive eating habits.

Etiology: Family history. Other mental health disorders.
Dieting and starvation. Stress.

Eating Disorders

reasons for emergence of field of positive psychology

a reaction against past practices, which have tended to focus on mental illness and emphasized maladaptive behavior and negative thinking.

PERMA Model of Well-Being

positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment

Ethnocentric Psychology

seeing the world only from one's own cultural perspective, and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct.

aims of a global psychology

incorporates concepts and findings from societies and cultures from all parts of the world

rationale for a global psychology

address the emergence of crucial issues facing the world including: climate change, globalization, intergroup conflict, migration, refugees, poverty, indigenous peoples, healthcare disparities, inequity, human rights violations, mental health issues

culture-blind theories of psychology

a term that indicates the native country's culture is a trigger for a certain social behaviour or trend.

Emic

an approach to the study of human cultures that interprets behaviors and practices in terms of the system of meanings created by and operative within a particular cultural context.

Etic

denoting an approach to the study of human cultures based on concepts or constructs that are held to be universal and applicable cross-culturally

power of situation

a basic premise of social psychology that assumes people's thoughts, actions, and emotions are influenced substantially by the social setting (prison experiment)

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination

Stereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups of people. Prejudice refers to thoughts and feelings, while discrimination refers to actions. Racism refers to the belief that one race is inherently superior or inferior to other races.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people's automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

self-biases

Egocentric Thought and Self-serving Biases

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent