AP Psych Human Development Flashcards

Development

progressive changes in physical, cognitive, and social abilities throughout life

Nature Vs. Nurture

the debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment and experince (nurture) has a greater influence on development

Continuity vs. stages

whether development is gradual and continuous or occurs in distinct stages

Criticial period

a specific time in development when certain skills and abilities are most easily learned

Sensitive period

optimal time for learning certain behaivors, though learning can stil occur outside this window.

First stage of prenatal development

Germinal stage (0-2 weeks)

Germinal stage (0-2 weeks)

-Fertilization to impant

-Rapid cell division (zygote becomes blatocyst)

Second stage of prenatal development

Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks)

Embyronic stage (2-8 weeks)

-Major organs and systems start to form

-Most vulnerable period for teratogens

-Heart begins beating around week 3-4

Third stage of prenatal development

Fetal stage (9 weeks-birth)

Fetal stage (9 weeks-birth)

-continued growth and development

-organs become functional

-Viability around 24 weeks

Teratogens

harmful substances that can harm the developing embryo/fetus

Types of teratogens

Alcohol (can cause fetal alcohol syndrome)

Tobacco

Certain medications

Diseases (rubella, zika virus)

Radiation

Order these motor development milestones (with ages)

Crawling

Walking

Rolling

Sitting without support

1. rolling over (3-4 months)

2. Sitting without support (6 months)

3. Crawling (8-10 months)

4. Walking (12-15 months)

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaivor, relatively independent of experience.

Puberty

period of sexual maturation when reproductive organs mature

Primary sex characteristics

Reproductive organs and external genitalia

Secondary sex characteristics

Breasts, Facial hair, voice changes, body shape.

Brain development in adolescense

-Continued development of prefrontal cortex (judgement, impulse control) into mid-20s

-Increase myelination (in nervous system) improves neural processing

-Synaptic pruning eliminates unused neural connections

Physical changes in adulthood/aging

-Peak physical performance in early 20s

-Gradual decline in sensory abilities (vision, hearing)

-Decreased muscle mass and bone density

-Menopause women (late 40s-early 50s)

-Andropause (men, gradual decline in testosterone)

Schema

Mental framework for organizing information. By piaget.

Assimilation

incorporating new information into exisiting schemas. Piaget

Accomodation

adjusting schemas to fit new information. Piaget

Conservation

understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. Piaget

1st Piaget stage in cognitive development

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

-experince world through senses and actions

-Develop object permanence (understanding objects exist when out of sight)

-Stranger anxiety emerges around 8 months

2nd Piaget stage in cognitive development

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

-symbolic thinking and language development

-egocentrism (dificulties taking anothers perspective)

-lack conservation

-pretend play

3rd Piaget stage in cognitive development

Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)

Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)

-logical thinking about concrete events

-understand conservation

-can perform mental operations

-still strugle with abstract concepts

4th Piaget stage in cognitive development

Formal operational stage (12+ years)

Formal operational stage (12+ years)

-abstract reasoning

-hypothetical thinking

-scientific reasoning and problem-solving

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

gap between what a child can do alone and with help. Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory.

Scaffolding

temporary support provided by more skilled individuals to help learning. Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

emphasizes social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development

Information processing approach

views congnitive development as gradual improvement in attention, memory, and processing speed rather than distinct stages.

Theory of mind

the ability to understand that others have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that differ from ones own. Typically develops around age 3-4.

Attachment

strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver. (John Bowlby & Mary Ainsworth)

Harry Harlow's Monkey Studies:

demonstrated importance of contact comfort over feeding in attachment formation

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation:

assesment of attachment styles in infants

Secure attachment

Comfortable exploring when caregiver present, upset when seperated but happy upon reunion. Mary Ainsworth strange situation.

Insecure-avoidant

shows little distress at seperation, avoid caregiver upon reunion. Mary Ainsworth strange situation.

Insecure-resistant (Ambivalent)

Very distressed at seperation, seek and resist contact upon reunion. Mary Ainsworth strange situation.

Disorganized

show confused, contradictory behaivors. Mary Ainsworth strange situation.

Authoritatian parenting style

High demand, low responsiveness. Strict rules with little warmth. Diana Baumrind.

Permissive parenting style.

Low demand, high responsiveness. Few rules, very warm. Diana Baumrind

Authoritative parenting style

High demands, high responsiveness. Clear rules with warmth and explanation (associated with best outcomes.) Diana Baumrind

Uninvolved/Neglectful parenting style

Low demands, low responsiveness. Minimal involvement.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 1

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years): Developing trust through consistent care.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 2

Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt (1-3 years): Developing independence and self control.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 3

Initiative Vs. Guilt (3-6 years): asserting power and control through play.

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 4

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Developing competence in skills

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 5

Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 years): developing sense of self and personal identity

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 6

Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years): forming intimate relationships

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 7

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65): contributing to society and next generation

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory stage 8

Integrity vs. despair (65+): reflecting on life with satisfaction or regret

Preconventional morality (before age 9) (Kohlberg's moral development)

stage 1: obedience and punishment (avoid punishment)

stage 2: self-interest (whats in it for me?)

Conventional morality (adolescence) (Kohlberg's moral development)

stage 3: good interpersonal relationships (seeking approval)

stage 4: maintaining social order (following laws and rules)

Postconventional morality (adulthood, if at all) (Kohlberg's moral development)

stage 5: social contract (laws serve the people)

stage 6: universal ethical principles (abstract moral reasoning)

Carol Gilligan's Critique on Kohlberg's theory

Argued Kohlberg's theory was gender-biased; proposed women emphasize care and relationships while men emphasize justice and rights

B.F. Skinner (Behaviorist): Theory of language

-learned language through operant conditioning

-reinforcement shapes verbal behaivor

Noam Chomsky (Nativist): Theory of language

-Language Aquisition device (LAD): Innate capacity for language

-universal grammar exists across all languages

-critical period for language learning

Interactionist Approach: Language

-combines biological readiness with social interaction

-Both nature and nurture important

Organize these language milestones (with dates)

Two-word stage

One-word stage

Grammar development

Babbling

1. Babbling (4-6 months): repetitive constant vowel sounds

2. One-word stage (12 months): Holophrases (single words convey enitire meanings)

3. Two-word stage (18-24 months) Telegraphic speech (content words without grammar words)

4. Grammar development (2-3+ years): overgeneralization of rules, (ex: goed instead of went)

Identity formation

period of exploration and experimentation

Identity acheivement

successfully exploring and comiting to values/goals

Identity forecolsure

commiting without exploration

Identity moratorium

actively exploring without commitment

Identity diffusion

neither exploring nor commiting

Social development

-increased importance into peer relationships

-conformity peeks in early adolescence

-gradual seperation from parents while maintaining connection

Emerging adulthood (18-25 years)

-distinct developmental period in industrial society

-Identity exploration, instability, self-focus

-Transitional period between adolescense and full adulthood

Fluid intelligence

Ability to reason quickly and abstractly; tends to decline with age

Crystalized intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and skills; generally maintained or increased with age

Memory changes in aging

-procedural memory remains stable

-working memory may decline

-processing speed decreases

Social selectivity

older adults tend to prioritize meaningful relationships over expanding social networks

Emotional regulation

Generally improves with age; older adults tend to report higher life satisfaction

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's Five Stages of Grief

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

Imprinting

rapid, instinctive form of learning that occurs during a critical period early in an animal's life, where the animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, typically its mother.

Rooting Reflex

When a baby's cheek is touched, the head turns toward that side and the mouth opens, helping them find a nipple for feeding.

Sucking Reflex

An automatic sucking action when the roof of the mouth is touched

Moro (Startle) Reflex

In response to a loud noise or sudden movement, the baby extends the arms and legs outward, then arches the back and brings the arms back in.

Babinski Reflex

When the sole of the foot is stroked, the baby's toes fan out and curl

Grasping/ Palmer Reflex

Placing an object or finger in the baby's palm causes them to grasp it firmly.

Stepping Reflex

When held upright with feet touching a flat surface, the infant makes walking-like movements.

Swimming Reflex

If placed face-down in water, the baby will paddle and kick.