1/41
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Encoding
transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory
Storage
holding information over time
Retrieval
accessing stored information when needed
Sensory memory
very brief retention of sensory information, iconic memory is visual and echoic memory is auditory
Short-term memory (STM)
limited-capacity memory store holds 7 items plus or minus 2
Long-term memory (LTM)
storage for information retained for long durations
Phonological loop
handles verbal and auditory information
Word length effect
the ability to easily recall shorter words
Visuospatial sketchpad
stores and manipulates visual and spatial information
Mental rotation
the ability to imagine an object and the way it moves
Episodic buffer
a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes
Primacy effect
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
Recency effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
Proactive interference
old information interferes with learning new information
Retroactive interference
new information interferes with remembering old information
Episodic memory
personal experiences with contextual details
Semantic memory
general knowledge and facts
Procedural memory
memory of how to perform tasks, motor skills
HM case
His hippocampus was removed, he wasn't able to create new episodic memories but retained procedural skills
Anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
KF case
suffered brain damage from an accident; impaired STM but intact LTM
Retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
Double dissassociation
when one perceptual function can be damaged without affecting the other ex STM and LTM rely on different brain areas
Serial position curve
graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list
Encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Self-reference effect
tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves
Generation effect
memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it
Maintenance rehearsal
repetition without meaning
Elaborative rehearsal
associating new information with existing knowledge
Synaptic consolidation
a process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes
Systems consolidation
a consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years
Sleep and consolidation
sleeping enhances memory consolidations, particularly for emotionally significant information
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
Autobiographical memory
combines episodic and semantic components, incorporating sensory and emotional details
Flashbulb memories
vivid memories for significant events ex where were you during 9/11, often recalled confidently but are susceptible to distortion over time
Misinformation effect
when post-event information alters an individuals memory of an event
Eyewitness testimony
factors like cross-race bias, weapon focus etc can alter accuracy
Cognitive interview
a method to enhance recall without leading questions
Source monitoring
determining the origin of a memory, errors can lead to attributing a memory to the wrong source
Constructive memory
memory is a constructive process, influenced by personal knowledge ,expectations and beliefs