Cognitive psychology midterm 2

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42 Terms

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Encoding

transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory

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Storage

holding information over time

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Retrieval

accessing stored information when needed

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Sensory memory

very brief retention of sensory information, iconic memory is visual and echoic memory is auditory

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Short-term memory (STM)

limited-capacity memory store holds 7 items plus or minus 2

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Long-term memory (LTM)

storage for information retained for long durations

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Phonological loop

handles verbal and auditory information

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Word length effect

the ability to easily recall shorter words

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Visuospatial sketchpad

stores and manipulates visual and spatial information

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Mental rotation

the ability to imagine an object and the way it moves

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Episodic buffer

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

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Primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

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Recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

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Proactive interference

old information interferes with learning new information

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Retroactive interference

new information interferes with remembering old information

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Episodic memory

personal experiences with contextual details

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Semantic memory

general knowledge and facts

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Procedural memory

memory of how to perform tasks, motor skills

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HM case

His hippocampus was removed, he wasn't able to create new episodic memories but retained procedural skills

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Anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

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KF case

suffered brain damage from an accident; impaired STM but intact LTM

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Retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

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Double dissassociation

when one perceptual function can be damaged without affecting the other ex STM and LTM rely on different brain areas

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Serial position curve

graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list

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Encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

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Shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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Deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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Self-reference effect

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

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Generation effect

memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it

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Maintenance rehearsal

repetition without meaning

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Elaborative rehearsal

associating new information with existing knowledge

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Synaptic consolidation

a process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes

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Systems consolidation

a consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

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Sleep and consolidation

sleeping enhances memory consolidations, particularly for emotionally significant information

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Testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

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Autobiographical memory

combines episodic and semantic components, incorporating sensory and emotional details

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Flashbulb memories

vivid memories for significant events ex where were you during 9/11, often recalled confidently but are susceptible to distortion over time

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Misinformation effect

when post-event information alters an individuals memory of an event

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Eyewitness testimony

factors like cross-race bias, weapon focus etc can alter accuracy

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Cognitive interview

a method to enhance recall without leading questions

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Source monitoring

determining the origin of a memory, errors can lead to attributing a memory to the wrong source

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Constructive memory

memory is a constructive process, influenced by personal knowledge ,expectations and beliefs