ASL 14. Deep Structures of the Neck and Head

posterior digastric muscle

Superficial muscle going under the jaw, makes an obtuse angle with anterior digastric muscle

Stylopharyngeus m.

elevates and draws pharynx laterally

Glossopharyngeal n.

Cranial nerve IX, Both, Tongue and Pharynx (sensory), Pharynx (motor)

Thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Longus colli m.

Function: unilateral contraction bends and turns cervical column to the side. Also bend the cervical spine forward

Innervation: cervical and brachial plexus (C2-C8)

Longus capitis m.

Function: bend the head forward and unilateral action turns the head sideways

Innervation: cervical plexus (C1-C4)

Uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

Palatopharyngeal arch (fold)

muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the side of the pharynx

Piriform recess

Site of aspirated lodged fishbone in the Laryngopharynx

Pharyngeal constrictor mm.

The superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles serve to move the food during swallowing. They are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus - CNn IX, X, and the cranial root of XI.

*inferior constrictor is innervated by recurrent laryngeal nn. with contributions from CNn IX and XI

Pharyngoesophageal constriction

located at the junction of the pharynx with the oesophagus (C5 vertebral level), behind the cricoid cartilage, caused by contraction of the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx (upper esophageal sphincter).

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Sympathetic trunk

function: allows for preganglionic and ganglonic nerves fibers to communicate with each other

Superior cervical ganglion

one of the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic system that projects to the head

Frontal sinus

cavity within the frontal bone (forehead)

Ethmoid air cells

The ethmoid sinuses consist of many small cavities called ethmoid air

cells that separated by thin plates of bone within the ethmoid bone.

Sphenoidal sinus

paired cavity located within the sphenoid, inferior to the sella turcica

Maxillary sinus

largest paranasal sinus; pyramidal; on cheek bone lateral to nasal bone

Nares

the nostrils or the nasal passages

Ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

Nasal septum

partition separating the right and left nasal cavities

Olfactory nerve filaments

also known as olfactory fila, are among the most important structures in the olfactory system and play a key role in connecting peripheral olfactory neurons to the central nervous system.

Superior nasal concha

not a named bone, but part of the ethmoid bone. Above middle nasal concha

Superior (nasal) meatus

posterior ethmoid sinuses

Middle nasal concha

the middle thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the middle meatus

Middle (nasal) meatus

frontal sinus (frontonasal duct)

anterior and middle ethmoid sinuses

maxillary sinus

Hiatus semilunaris

cleft lying underneath the middle conchae where the maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, and anterior ethmoidal air cells drain

Ostium of maxillary sinus

-The communication between mouth and nose

-The only sinus that doesn't drain between 2nd & 3rd concha is sphenoid which drains between 1st & 2nd

Inferior nasal concha

located on each side of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; increase epithelial surface area and create turbulence in the inspired air

Inferior (nasal) meatus

The nasolacrimal duct drains into this nasal space

Nasal orifice of nasolacrimal duct

begins in the eye socket between the maxillary and lacrimal bones, from where it passes downwards and backwards. The opening of the _________ into the inferior nasal meatus of the nasal cavity is partially covered by a mucosal fold.

Choana

nasal opening in the hard palate

Palatine bone

either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

Sphenopalatine a.

What artery supplies the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

- branch of maxillary artery

Pterygopalatine ganglion

postganglionic fibers synapse on nasal mucosa, pharynx, palate, and lacrimal glands

Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium containing goblet cells

Pharyngeal tonsil

also called adenoids; located in posterior wall of nasopharynx

Torus tubarius

elevation of cartilage caused by the auditory tube in the nasopharynx

Pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube

Opens into the nasopharynx about 1.5 cm posterior to the inferior nasal concha. The unobstructed quality of this orifice is important as it is the means by which air pressure is equilibrated across the tympanic membrane. ALSO is a convenient means for the spread of infection from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.

Tensor veli palatini m.

causes tension in the soft palate which helps to stop food from entering the nasopharynx while swallowing

Levator veli palatini m.

Action: elevates soft palate when swallowing

Oral vestibule

area between the teeth and lips/cheeks

Parotid papilla

Small elevation of tissue located on the inner surface of the cheek

Hard palate

roof of the mouth, floor of the nose

Soft palate

posterior portion, not supported by bone

palatoglossal arch (fold)

muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the base of the tongue

Palatine tonsil

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx

Tongue

manipulates food for chewing and swallowing; a taste organ

Circumvallate papillae

large papillae with taste buds- on back of tongue

Sulcus terminalis

marks border between mouth and pharynx

Lingual tonsil

at base of tongue anterior to the epiglottis

genioglossus muscle

forms the bulk of the tongue and allows it to move freely

Geniohyoid m.

Function: pulls the hyoid anterosuperiorly, shortens floor of the mouth and widens pharynx

Innervation: C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Submandibular duct

duct associated with submandibular gland

Sublingual salivary gland

under the tongue, produces mucus

Lingual nerve

supplies anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Chorda tympani n.

Nerve that provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Submandibular ganglion

Postganglionic fibers synapse on salivary glands; CN VII

Mylohyoid m.

hyoid elevation

Laryngeal inlet (laryngeal orifice)

opening that connects the pharynx and larynx

Laryngeal vestibule

Opening of larynx below epiglottis and aditus but above the false vocal folds

Rima vestibuli

space between false vocal folds

Laryngeal ventricle

space between true and false vocal folds

Rima glottidis

opening between vocal folds

Infraglottic space

area inferior to the vocal folds

Tracheal lumen

cavity or channel within the trachea

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Aryepiglottic fold

a fold of tissue that extends from the apex of the arytenoids to the epiglottis

False vocal fold

vestibular fold

Arytenoid cartilage

Two small cartilages in the larynx, the movements of which abduct and adduct the vocal folds.

Vocal process

projection of the arytenoid cartilage to which the vocal folds attach

Muscular process

Lateral portion of the arytenoid. Attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct the vocal folds.

Glottis

Opening between vocal cords

True vocal fold

Name this structure

vocalis muscle (thyroarytenoid m.)

the main body of the vocal fold which may be likened to a bundle of stiff rubber bands

Cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

Transverse arytenoid m.

name #7, muscle behind the x

unpaired muscle

attaches to posterior surfaces of both arytenoid cartilages

slides arytenoid cartilages medially

adductor of vocal folds

Posterior cricoarytenoid m.

abduction of vocal cords

Cricothyroid m.

Identify

Recurrent laryngeal n.

Sensory nerve to larynx inferior to vocal cords