charles 1 timeline- 1625- 1649

March 1625

Charles becomes king

June 1625

Charles married Henrietta Maria

Charles first parliament 1625- issues?

-refuses Charles tonnage +poundage for life

-criticisms of Buckingham - Charles favourite- over foreign policy + failure of Cadiz

-dissolved soon after

Charles second parliament 1626

-attempts to impeach Buckingham

—> Charles dissolves parliament to protect him

What loans began 1626

Forced loans

Five knights case

-knights imprisoned- refused to pay forced loans

La Rochelle 1627

-FAIL- blamed on Buckingham

—> conflict with France escalated

Third parliament when?

1628

Petition of right 1628

-no taxation without parliament consent

-no imprisonment without cause

-no billeting of soldiers in homes

-no martial law on peacetime

Charles response to petition of right

Accepted then ignored

Who was assassinated 1628

Buckingham

What did parliament discuss in parliament 1629

-debate tonnage and poundage and religion ( Arminianism )

3 resolutions

Condemned:

-Arminianism

-unauthorised taxation + anyone paying

When was the third parliament dissolved ?

Response to 3 resolutions- 1629

Who became Archbishop of Canterbury 1633?

-laud

What tax was extended to inland counties in 1634

Ship money

Hampden 1637

Challenged ship money in court- damages royal prestige

Prune burton and bastwick I 1637

Critics of laud - causes increased fear of absolutism

English prayer book 1637 in Scotland

Read out and caused riots

National covenant 1638

-signed by thousands of Scot’s ( mainly Presbyterian )

-defended their religious freedoms and resisted imposition of Charles Anglican practices

What did the national covenant do

-reaffirmed Scottish loyalty to the king

-asserted their right to reject changes not approved by Scottish gov

-defended Presbyterian system + condemned innovations

-both political and religious protest

-led to 1st BISHOPS WAR

1st bishops war 1639

-triggered by Scottish resistance against Charles Anglican style worship+ bishops in Presbyterian Church of Scotland

-Charles raised army to suppress Covenanters in Scotland

How did the 1st bishops war end

-treaty of Berwick 1639- Charles agreed to disband army

-Scottish general assembly and parliament promised to settle religious disputes

—> major humiliation for Charles

Short parliament 1640

-c calls parliament for funds - but MPs wanted to address grievances

-so was dissolved after 3 weeks (short)

2nd Bishops war 1640

-occurred due to c not dealing with Scottish demands after first

-c tried to raise money for it via non parliamentary methods- angered taxpayer

-English troops poorly trained, Scottish army led by Leslie very strong

-Scot’s invaded England 1640 and took Newcastle (London coal source)

Treaty of ripon 1640

-outcome of 2nd bishops war

-c had to pay £850 to Scot’s a day whilst they occupied the north

- forced to call LONG PARLIAMENT for funds

Long parliament November 1640 (1660)

-led by opponents of c- Pym, Hampton

-Stratford (bill of attainder) and laud arrested +executed - “evil councillors” punished

-called to raise money for treaty of ripon - money 2 Scot’s

What did the long parliament abolish

-unpopular royal powers

-ship money- became illegal

-star chamber + high commission abolished

-tonnage and poundage only legal with parliament consent

Bill of attainder 1641

Legislative act by parliament declaring a person guilty of a crime without trial- bypass judicial process

-Charles put under pressure as many members of parliament were threatened unless strafford was punished

-so Charles accepts bill against Strafford leading to his execution 1641

Grand remonstrance 1641

-long list of grievances presented to Charles including his abuse of power like illegal taxes unwanted religious reform and unwise advisors

Outcome of grand remonstrance

Divided MPs and led to English civil war ultimately

Triennial act 1641

-parliament must be called every 3 years

-strafford impeached and executed

Ten propositions 1641

-organised by Pym

-petition to king from parliament outlining radical puritan demands to increase power of parliament

Militia ordinance 1642

-passed by parliament without royal assent

-claimed parliamentary control over army without crown

What happened august 1642

Civil war begins - royalists (cavaliers) vs parliamentarians (Roundheads)

Battle of edge hill October 1642

-first major battle English civil war

-royalists led by Charles and Rupert faced by parliamentarians commanded by earl of Essex

Outcome of battle of edge hill

-royalist victory- both suffered heavy casualties

-allowed c to go towards London but parliamentarians regrouped at battle of Turnham Green and stopped him from seizing capital

Solemn league covenant 1643

-agreement between Scottish Covenanters and English parliamentarians

-Scot’s agreed to help parliament

Battle of Maston moor 1644

-first major royalist defeat +gave parliament full control of north

-parli +scots led by fairfax and earl of level

-attacked royalists during a thunderstorm

-troop led by Cromwell attacked and defeated royalists

Battle of maston moor outcome

parliament + Scottish victory, rise of. Do well and new model army

Battle of naseby June 1645

-parliament capture royalist strongholds - defeat for Charles

When did Charles surrender to Scot’s in first civil war

1646- ends 1st civil war

Why did war start again 1647

-parliament divisions - Presbyterians (moderates) wanted quick settlement, king and p church- independents ( radicals NMA) wanted greater religious freedom, sus of Charles

-NMA - not paid, felt betrayed , became radical

-Charles - secretly negotiated with Scot’s whilst pretending to deal with parli - promised Presbyterian in England for 3 years if they helped him restore power —> betrayal parli

-royalist uprising in south wales, Kent etc

-Scot’s invade England 1648 (supported Charles ) + parli knew they couldn’t trust Charles

Head of proposals 1647

Moderate political settlement offered to Charles 1 by NMA to reform gov and church whilst he remained king

—> keep Protestant church, greater toleration, regular parliaments , parli control militia , royalists pardoned

Charles response to head of proposals 1647

Rejected it - believe he could play army and parli off each other and make a comeback

-led to 2nd civil war

Putney debates 1647

Levellers and army officers debate future government

Debated over voting rights, government structure, religious

-showed tensions in parliament

-Cromwell shut debates when too radical - showed how army elite wanted to control revolution

2nd civil war 1648

-royalist uprisings across England, Scot’s invade in support of Charles

-royalists defeated by Cromwell at Preston

Prides purge 1648

-military coup led by Thomas pride - NMA forcibly removed commons MPs that were too sympathetic to Charles / too moderate

-71 MPs left —> the rump

Prides purge outcomes

-cleared way for Charles trial and execution the following year

-first and only military purge in English history

-shift from constitutional reform attempts to revolution- House of Commons+ lords then abolished

January 1649

Charles put on trial for treason by the rump

-executed January 30 1649- BEGINNING OF THE COMMONWEALTH