Key Concepts in Genetics and Evolution

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46

What is the function of genes?

To code for specific proteins or RNA

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What happens during crossing over?

Genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes

What is the result of meiosis in females?

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil

What is the function of tRNA during translation?

Carry amino acids

What is the correct pairing according to Chargaff's rules?

A-T, C-G

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix

What is convergent evolution?

Traits evolve independently in unrelated species

What is artificial selection?

Human-controlled breeding for traits

What is the main source of energy for ecosystems?

Sun

What is brumation?

Torpor in cold-blooded animals during cold seasons

What causes long-term climate change according to the study guide?

Milankovitch cycles