Comprehensive Medical Terminology: Bones, Joints, Cells, and Diseases

Osteochondroma

A benign bone tumor that consists of cartilage and bone, typically found near the growth plates of long bones.

Arthrodesis

A surgical procedure to fuse two or more bones in a joint to relieve pain and improve stability.

Cranioplasty

A surgical repair of a defect or deformity of the skull.

Craniotomy

A surgical operation in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain.

Osteorrhaphy

The surgical suturing of bones together.

Tonsillectomy

The surgical removal of the tonsils.

Perinatal

Relating to the time, usually a number of weeks, immediately before and after birth.

Inflammation

A biological response to harmful stimuli, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Myc/o

A prefix meaning fungus.

-megaly

A suffix indicating enlargement of an organ or body part.

Asystole

A state of no electrical activity in the heart, resulting in no contractions and no blood flow.

Polyarteritis

A condition characterized by inflammation of multiple arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

The thickening and hardening of arterial walls, often leading to reduced blood flow.

Thrombocytosis

An increase in the number of platelets in the blood.

Anemia

A condition in which there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

Pathology

The study of the causes and effects of disease or injury.

-osis

A suffix indicating a condition, usually abnormal or diseased.

Dys-

A prefix meaning difficult, painful, or abnormal.

-scopy

A suffix indicating the visual examination of a body part using an endoscope.

-plasty

A suffix indicating surgical repair or reconstruction of a body part.

Cephalic

Pertaining to the head.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the abdominal organs.

Cytologist

A specialist who studies cells, their structure, function, and chemistry.

Cytology

The branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Tissue

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Epithelium

A tissue composed of a layer of cells that covers the body surfaces and lines cavities.

Adenoma

A benign tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.

Endemic

A disease or condition regularly found and consistently present in a particular geographic area.

Spongy bone

A type of bone tissue that has a porous structure, found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.

Chondr/o

A prefix meaning cartilage.

Cartilaginous joints

Joints where the bones are connected by cartilage, allowing limited movement.

Chondromalacia

The softening and breakdown of cartilage, often affecting the knee.

Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, often leading to its enlargement.

Dysplasia

Abnormal growth or development of cells, tissues, or organs.

Huntington's disease

A genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

Adipose tissue

A type of connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation and cushioning.

Endo-

A prefix meaning within or inside.

Hist/o

A prefix meaning tissue.

Plast/i

A suffix relating to formation or development.

Anterior

Referring to the front or forward part of a structure.

Posterior

Referring to the back or rear part of a structure.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, where cellular processes occur.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Myel/o

A prefix meaning spinal cord or bone marrow.

Spondylosis

Degenerative changes in the spine, often leading to pain and stiffness.

Kyphosis

A condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunchback appearance.

Synovi/o

A prefix relating to synovial fluid or synovial membranes.

Ankyl/o

A prefix meaning stiff or bent.

-lysis

A suffix indicating the breakdown or destruction of a substance.

Fibr/o

A prefix meaning fibrous tissue.

Supination

The rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palm or sole faces upward.

-algia

A suffix meaning pain.

-rrhage

A suffix indicating excessive bleeding or discharge.

-rrhaphy

A suffix indicating surgical suturing.

Cyan/o

A prefix meaning blue, often used to describe a bluish discoloration of the skin.

Melan/o

A prefix meaning black or dark.

-necrosis

A suffix indicating the death of tissue.

-malacia

A suffix indicating the softening of a tissue.

Hemiplegia

Paralysis of one side of the body.

Fasciotomy

A surgical procedure that involves cutting the fascia to relieve pressure.

Abduction

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Extension

The straightening of a joint, increasing the angle between body parts.

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon, often due to overuse.

Myocele

A herniation of muscle tissue.

Atonic

Referring to a lack of muscle tone or strength.

Dystonia

A movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions and abnormal postures.

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of the tendons surrounding the elbow.

Hemiparesis

Weakness on one side of the body.

Myorrhaphy

The surgical suturing of a muscle.

Heel spur

A bony growth on the underside of the heel bone, often causing pain.

Sarcopenia

The loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging.

Physiatrist

A medical doctor specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

-cele

A suffix indicating a hernia or swelling.

Voluntary muscles

Muscles that are under conscious control, such as skeletal muscles.

Angi/o

A prefix meaning blood vessel.

Tachy-

A prefix meaning fast or rapid.

-emia

A suffix indicating a condition of the blood.

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart wall.

Bundle of His

A bundle of heart muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.

Atherosclerosis

A condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries.

Ischemia

Insufficient blood flow to a tissue, leading to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients.

Myocardial infarction

Commonly known as a heart attack, it occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked.

Cardiomyopathy

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its size, shape, and ability to pump blood.

Adduction

The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

Flexion

The bending of a joint, decreasing the angle between body parts.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body.

Metastasize

The process by which cancer spreads from one part of the body to another.

Antigen

A substance that induces an immune response, often found on the surface of pathogens.

Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific antigens.

Carcinoma

A type of cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

Sarcoma

A type of cancer that originates in connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat, or muscle.

Macrophage

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris and pathogens.

Virus

A microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism.

Brachytherapy

A form of radiation therapy where a radioactive source is placed inside or near the tumor.

Splenorrhagia

Excessive bleeding from the spleen.

Inguinal

Relating to the groin region.

Immunoglobulin

A type of antibody produced by plasma cells that plays a crucial role in the immune response.