Biology Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about Biology Units 1-4

Ions

Charged atoms or molecules

Cations

Positively charged ions

Anions

Negatively charged ions

Electronegativity

Measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Anabolic Reactions

Reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolic Reactions

Reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that require energy input

Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that release energy

Ionic Bond

Chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Hydrogen Bond

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom

London Dispersion Forces

Weakest intermolecular force arising from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Attraction between polar molecules

Phosphate Group

Functional group containing a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Carbonyl Group

Functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

Ketone

Carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton

Aldehyde

Carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton

Carboxyl Group

Functional group containing a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms

Hydroxyl Group

Functional group containing an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

Amino Group

Functional group containing a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Carbohydrates

Macromolecule consisting of monosaccharides

Fats

Macromolecule consisting of fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecule consisting of nucleotides

Proteins

Macromolecule consisting of amino acids

Monosaccharide

Monomer of carbohydrates

Fatty Acids

Monomer of lipids

Glycerol

Monomer of lipids

Nucleotides

Monomer of nucleic acids

Amino Acids

Monomer of proteins

Polysaccharide

Polymer of monosaccharides

Triglyceride

Polymer of fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic Acids

Polymers of nucleotides

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

Cell Membrane

Cell structure that controls what comes in and out of a cell

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Isotonic Solution

Solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

Hypotonic Solution

Solution with a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

Facilitated Transport

Transport of molecules across a membrane with the help of a protein

Active Transport

Transport of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient

Bulk Transport

Movement of large molecules across a membrane

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Redox Reactions

Chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another

Cellular Respiration

Metabolic process that converts glucose into energy

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

ATP synthesis by direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP synthesis using energy derived from redox reactions and an electron transport chain

Mitochondria

Organelle where cellular respiration takes place

Anaerobic Respiration

Process that breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Process that converts pyruvate to lactic acid

Alcohol Fermentation

Process that converts pyruvate to ethanol

Photosynthesis

Process that converts light energy into chemical energy

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place

Stomata

Pores in the leaf that allow for gas exchange

Light Reaction

First stage of photosynthesis, which converts light energy to chemical energy

Electron Transport Chain

Series of protein complexes that transfer electrons

Photosystems

Protein complexes that absorb light energy

Calvin Cycle

Second stage of photosynthesis that fixes carbon dioxide to produce glucose

C3 and CAM Plants

Pathway to reduce photorespiration

Protein Synthesis

The central dogma theory of molecular biology

Transcription

Process of copying DNA to make RNA

Translation

Process of using RNA to make protein

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence

Point Mutation

Mutation where a single nucleotide is changed

Silent Mutation

Mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence

Missense Mutation

Mutation that changes the amino acid sequence

Nonsense Mutation

Mutation that introduces a stop codon

Frameshift Mutation

Mutation that shifts the reading frame of the DNA sequence

Gel Electrophoresis

Process of separating DNA fragments by size

PCR

Process of amplifying DNA

CRISPR

Gene editing technology

Operon

A cluster of genes transcribed as a single mRNA

Homeostasis

System that maintain a stable internal environment

Negative Feedback System

System that returns a variable to its original state

Positive Feedback System

System that amplifies the original stimulus

Thermoregulation

Regulation of body temperature

Nervous System

Network of nerves that carry messages throughout the body

Central Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that includes the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Reflex Arc

Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus

Hormones

Chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood

Endocrine System

System of glands that secrete hormones

Neuron

Cell that transmits electrical signals

Excretory System

System that removes waste from the body