aerobic respiration
requires oxygen
produces 36 units of ATP
completely breaks down glucose
one used normally
glucose + oxygen => Water + carbon dioxide + 36 ATP
anaerobic respiration in animals
doesn't require oxygen
produces 2 units of ATP
partially breaks down glucose
creates oxygen "debt" that has to be repaid ( thus heavy breathing after exercise )
glucose => lactic acid + 2 ATP
C6H12C6 => 2C3H6O3
anaerobic respiration in plants (fermentation)
glucose => ethanol + carbon dioxide
Adaptation of leaf for gas exchange
Thin: short diffusion pathway
Flat: large surface area to volume ratio
Spongy mesophyll layer: spaces for the gases
Stomata on lower epidermis: allow for movement in and out of the leaf
stomata: what is it ?
a hole in the leaf, held by two guard cells. It is called the "stomatal spore".
controls gas exchange and water loss
when guard cells are turgid, they swell up and the stomata is open
when guard cells are flaccid, the stomata gets closed
why can't anaerobic respiration be maintained for long periods of time
lactic acid might cause cells to become acidic
causes muscles to contract
and enzymes can get denatured at low ph, thus chemical reactions are slowed down
not enough energy is produced to keep the body moving
why is lactic acid bad
lactic acid is, surprise, acid.
the acidic environment eventually denatures the proteins in inside the cells, and thus is harmfull in large quantitites.
after some time, oxygen will be used to turn the lactic acid into water and CO2
the amount of oxygen needed to turn all the lactic acid into water and CO2 is reffered to as oxygen dept
what is ATP used for
cell division
thermoregulation
protein synthesis
movement
generating nerve impulses
active transport
Respiration definition
Respiration is a chemical reaction in which living cells release energy from glucose (food) by producing ATP.
intercoastal muscles
muscles between the ribs which control their movement causing inhalation and exhalation
trachea
long tube of cartilages connecting the mouth and nose to the lungs.
it is lined with goblet and epitheal cells, which trap particles from the air
larynx
voice box
Diaphragm
a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals.
It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
bronchus (pl. bronchi)
one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides.
The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree.
pleural cavity
contains the lungs
what are the passages down the lungs lined with ?
goblet and epitheal cells.
there is mucus which traps particles, pathogens like bacteria or viruses, and dust and prevents them from getting into the lungs and damaging the cells there.
the epitheal cell's cillia push up the mucus so that the trapped things are brought up.
inhalation
breathing in: muscles contract, pressure drops so that air enter and fills lungs.
inhalation diaphragm and intercoastal muscles
diaphragm contracts and flattens, pulls lungs down. intercoastal muscles contract, pulling lungs up and out.
exhalation
breathing out: muscles relax, pressure increases so air is forced out lungs.
exhalation on intercoastal muscles and diaphragm
intercoastal muscles relax, ribs down and in. diaphragm relaxes and goes in dome shape
what happens during exhalation ? (5)
The diaphragm relaxes it moves upwards back into its domed shape
The external set of intercostal muscles relax so the ribs drop down and in
This decreases the volume of the chest cavity (thorax)
Leading to an increase in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body
Air is forced out
what happens during inhalation ? (5)
The diaphragm contracts and flattens
The external set of intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribs up and out:
This increases the volume of the chest cavity (thorax)
Leading to a decrease in air pressure inside the lungs relative to outside the body
Air is drawn in
air that is inhaled concentrations of molecules
78% of nitrogen, 0.04% CO2, 21% oxygen
air that is exhaled concentrations of molecules
78% of nitrogen, 4% CO2, 16% oxygen
Alveoli adaptations for gas exchange
small for greater surface are/ shape for large surface area
thin, one cell thick walls to facilitate diffusion
close to blood capillaries, can quickly bind to haemoglobin
layer of moisture inside, so gases can disolve and diffuse more quickly
chemicals in cigarettes
nicotine
carbon monoxide
tar
nicotine effects
addictive
narrows blood vessels thus increases blood pressure
increases heart rate
these things cause blood clots, which cause heart disease and stroke
tar effects
carcinogen.
cronic bronchitis
emphysema
cronic bronchitis
cillia in trachea are destroyed because of tar
tar on the trachea stimulates goblet cells to produce more mucus than needed.
cillia do not move mucus up anymore, causing cronic inflammation and smoker's cough
emphysema
product of frequent infections, scar tissue is formed
alveoli are less elastic than before, and thus burst
resulting in less surface area for diffusion
results in individual being breathless
Carbon monoxide effects on body
bonds permanently to haemoglobin, so it cannot carry oxygen anymore. breathing/heart rate needs to be increased, which can cause heart disease