Vascular 1 Final Exam pt 1

Arterial + Venous Physiology, Carotid Imaging + Pathology (ch 5-9)

Effects of stenosis include a change in flow ______, an ____ (inc/dec) velocity as the vessel _______ (dilates/narrows), turbulence ____ (prox/distal) to stenosis, ______ gradient changes across stenosis, + see _____ _____ (type of waveform)

direction, inc, narrows, distal, pressure, tardus parvus

This is an example of a _______ waveform

Monophasic

This is an example of a _______ waveform

Biphasic

This is an example of a _______ waveform

Triphasic

What are some vessels that have a RESISTIVE waveform

What are some vessels that have a NON-RESISTIVE waveform

This is an example of a ______ waveform

Resistive

This is an example of a ______ waveform

Non-Resistive

Antegrade Flow is ____ moving flow while RETROgrade flow is _____ moving flow

forward, backwards

What is the formula for Velocity ratio (Vr)

Vr = highest PSV / velocity before stenosis

______ principle = law of conservation of energy.

inc velocity = dec pressure

Bernoulli’s

Poiseuille’s Law = ____ flow → ___ pressure → inc velocity (stenosis)

dec, dec

True/False: Posieuille’s principle has to do with pressure + its affect on vessel shape

true

The arterial system acts as a _______ ______

hydraulic filter

During INSPIRATION, thoracic pressure ____ (inc/dec), abdo pressure ____ (inc/dec), Venous return to the HEART ____ (inc/dec), venous flow in the LEGS ____ (inc/dec)

dec, inc, inc, dec

During EXPIRATION, thoracic pressure ____ (inc/dec), abdo pressure ____ (inc/dec), Venous return to the HEART ____ (inc/dec), venous flow in the LEGS ____ (inc/dec)

inc, dec, dec, inc

_______ pressure is related to the amount of blood in the vein

Transmural

The ___ of the vein is determined by the transmural pressure. HIGH TP = _____ shape; LOW TP = ______ shaped

shape, circle, elliptical

High transmural pressure is seen when ____ while low transmural pressure is seen in ____

standing, supine

The _____ _____ ____ acts as a “second heart” + helps bring blood from the legs → heart

calf muscle pump

Primary varicose veins develop _____ a DVT

without

_______ varicose veins develop bc of a DVT/obstruction

Secondary

Label the image (Carotid Anatomy)

The most common location for plaque in the Carotid sys is at the _____ _____

CCA Bif

The ICA has a _______ (resistive/non resistive) waveform

The ECA has a _______ (resistive/non resistive) waveform

Resistive

You can tell the difference bw the ICA + ECA bc the ICA is ______ (smaller/larger), and the ECA has ______ coming off of it

larger, branches

The CCA has a _______ (resistive/non resistive) waveform

resistive

The VERT A has a _______ (resistive/non resistive) waveform

non resistive

How will stenosis appear on sono in the ICA?

narrowed

Normal ICA/CCA ratio = ____

< 2

What is the ratio for 50% stenosis of ICA/CCA = _____ 2

<2

What is the ratio for 50-69% stenosis in the ICA/CCA? ____-_____

What about >70%? ______

2-4, >4

What is the normal PSV of the ICA? = _____ (</>) 125

< 125

What is the PSV for 50% stenosis?

< 125

What is the PSV for 50-69% stenosis in the ICA/CCA? ____-_____

What about >70%? ______

125-230, >230

List the 3 types of strokes

TIA, CVA, RIND

a TIA stroke last for a few _____-____ (time) + resolve after _____ (time) while CVA strokes are ____/______

min-hr, 24hr, fixed/permeant

CVA stands for _____ _____

cerebrovascular accident

TIA stands for ______ ______ _____

transient ischemic attacks

RIND stands for? And the deficits last for ____-____ hr

Reversible ischemic neuro deficit, 24-72

F.A.S.T stands for

Face drops, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time

The “____ _____” precedes complete occlusion

String sign

A _____ _____ is associated w/ retrograde flow in the VERT art

subclavian steel

Tortuosity + Kinking is more common in ____ _____ and can mimic ______

elderly women, stenosis

FMD stands for _____ _____

fibromuscular dysplasia

FMD is associated w/ the “_____ __ ____” sign, occurs ____ (prox/distal) to ICA + the MOST COMMON location is the ______ arteries

string of pearls, distal, renal

A carotid body tumor is also called a ________

Paraganglioma

Carotid body tumors are _____ (malignant/benign), occurs at the ____/____ bifurcation + has a _______ (resistive/nonresistive) waveform

benign, ECA/ICA, nonresistive

A carotid ANEURYSM are ______, is _____% bigger than normal ICA / ______% bigger than normal CCA, is a _____ (wide/small) area of art + ____ (low/high) velocities are seen due to larger diameter

rare, 200, 150, wide, low

A carotid PSA is a mass ______ (adjacent/anterior) to injury, is seen with the “____ ____” sign + has a ___-___ flow pattern

adjacent, Ying yang, to-fro

What are the 2 types of Arteritis

Takayasu’s + temporal

CEA stands for

Carotid Endarterectomy

What are the 2 type of surgical PATCHES used in a CEA

synthetic, auto

CAS looks at _____ criteria changes + it will be ______ (higher/lower) with a stent bc of vessel narrowing

velocity, higher

The primary discriminator of stenosis is the ____

PSV

CAS PV (50%) = _____-_____ cm/s

175-240

CAS PV of ___ _____ cm/s is a good predictor of high-grade RESTENOSIS

> 325

Stent Fracture/Migration is ____ and associated w/ ______ (think bone + what it’s made of)

rare, calc

Takayasu’s Arteritis = ______ (large/medium/small) Arteries

TEMPORAL Arteritis = _____ - _____ Arteries

large, sm-med

Temporal arteritis has a “___” around the STA

halo

What sign is sign with a PSA

ying-yang

Most common cause of a Dissection is ____

MVC

Spontaneous dissection have an ____ cause

unknown

FMD is more common in _____ ____, is seen ____laterally + the most common place to see it is in the _____ art (2nd most common = distal ______)

younger women, bi, renal, ICA