Exam 1 Additional Review

Gessell & Lorenz

Biological:

G: maturational theory

L: ethological theory = critical period (chick imprinting on geese) => there could be critical periods in the development of children as we see in other species

Freud & Erickson

Psychodynamic

F: psychodynamic conflicts

E: conflicts we experience range from trust to integrity

Watson, Skinner, Bandura

Learning

W: reinforcement + punishment train children to be well behaved + important to recognize that punishment has neg emotional byproducts so learn to use pos reinforcement more (operant psyc)

S: reinforcement and punishment (operant psych)

B: observational learning

Piaget & IP Approach

Cog Development

P: how cog development moves through stages => 6 stage model => you learn from your own actions (different than Vygotsky)

Information Processing: relies on computer model

Vygotsky & Rogoff

Contextual

V: the way you learn is from your peers (different than Piaget) => interested in the role of self-talk and how to monitor your own activities (precursor from everything you do inside your head) => he thought for sure that self-talk was a transitional phase => culture plays a role based on peers

R: apprenticeship => notion of a younger child being trained by the older child

do monocular cues develop before binocular? if so when?

develops first but it is not keen until 7 months

binocular develops second but is not keen until 4-6mo

Describe all the layers from 1-6

1) Dendrites

2) granular

3) pyramidal

4) granular

5) pyramidal

6) pyramidal

in sexually mature males, each spermatogonium that undergoes meiosis gives rise to:

our different sperm: 2 with an X chromosome AND 2 with a Y chromosome

what are the 3 stages of labor

1) contraction leads to dilation

2) full dilation leads to delivery

3) placenta is expelled 

when does prenatal development being?

when the zygote implants

neuronal production in prenatal development is characterized by what?

over-production

what kind of perception is the ability to see different colors?

categorical

what is the steppin reflex?

observation in newborns when you hold your baby upright and they look like they are trying to walk but don’t know how yet

MD is only given to which gender

sons

turner syndrome

you only get 1 X | short, low spatial abilities, webbed neck, and sterile

what sex chromosome disorder impact both gender?

fragile x syndromewh

what sex chromo disorders impact only men

Klinefelter, XYY complement

what sex chromo disorders only impact women

turner and triple x

during infancy, contrast sensitivity undergoes what?

2 distinct phase of development

What are pioneer axons?

axons that

1) rely on chemotropism to guide them to their destination

2) rely on physical tracts to find their destination

3) act as guides for axons that have latched onto them to their destination

describe the common newborn reflex known as rooting

they turn their head and open their mouth to find and latch onto a nipple for feeding when the side of their cheek or mouth is touched

where does fertilization occur?

upper third of F. tube

If a teratogen is introduced to fetus duering the zygote period what happens

prenatal death

who wrote the first baby diary

darwin

age is considered a ____________ variable

group

DZ twins share ______% of their genes

50

What reflex has an unknown purpose?

babinksi

Regarding relative brain structure size mediating the relation between risk factors & motor/cog. abilities, Alex et al.

1) lower family income = decreased in visual reception and caudate volume

2) visual reception and caudate/pallidum volume is less in males

3) lower maternal education indicates a decreased visual and pallidum score

n Alex et al. what was found regarding the predictors of motor/cognitive abilities of preterm vs full-term infants?

full-term babies differences in ability were mediated by basal ganglia size

A teratogen at the embryo stage has what effect

major congenital anomalies

When newborns are not fully asleep they are in one of the states:

alert inactivity and waking activity

when examining sensitivity of cortical function at birth, researchers have made certain observations that include:

Functionality of the Right Hemisphere includes the recognition of faces

what proves that there is a keen sense of smell that exists at birth?

strong facial reactions to newborns exposed to a noxious odor 

categorical perception

wavelength of light that is continuous but the colors we see is in a distinct category

at what age does gestalt develop

2-5mo

why were researchers convinced that infants reach an age at which faces are “special” relative to other stimuli?

caretakers and their faces are key to infant survival

distance perception is what kind of cue

monocular

which of the following senses is almost at adult levels at birth?

auditory threshold

what is not a constancy that a 4-5mo old has mastered?

motion