Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule

This set of flashcards covers key cases and principles related to exceptions to the exclusionary rule in U.S. law.

What was the outcome of US v. Leon (1984)?

Evidence seized in 'good faith' will be admissible even if the original search or seizure was later determined to be illegal.

What is the 'plain view doctrine' as established in Harris v. VS (1968)?

If law enforcement has a legal right to be in a location, they can seize evidence that is in plain view.

What does exigent circumstances refer to in Warden v. Hayden (1967)?

Exigent circumstances refer to emergency circumstances that allow searches without a warrant.

What did the ruling in Hudson v. Michigan (2006) establish regarding the 'knock and announce' rule?

The 'knock and announce' rule can be set aside; evidence obtained after a violation cannot invoke the exclusionary rule.

What was significant about the ruling in US v. Grubbs (2006)?

Search warrants can be issued on probable cause even if the evidence is not yet at the location, as long as it will be there when the warrant is executed.

What was established by the 'free to leave' test in VS v. Mendenhall (1980)?

The test assesses whether a person's freedom of movement was restrained to a degree associated with an arrest.

What case established the principle of 'stop and frisk' based on reasonable suspicion?

Terry v. Ohio (1968) established the principle of 'stop and frisk' based on reasonable suspicion.

What did the Supreme Court decide in Brown v. Texas (1971)?

A person cannot be punished for refusing to identify themselves if there is no probable cause against them.

What is the significance of Hibel v. 6th Judicial Circuit Court of Nevada (2004)?

If police have reasonable suspicion, a person must identify themselves; otherwise, it may violate their rights.

What did California v. Hodori (1991) determine about abandoned evidence?

Abandoned evidence may be seized without a warrant, for example, trash or items thrown during a chase.