MARY GOVERNMENT

What was interesting about the size of Mary’s early privy council, what happened due to it?

unusually large with 43 members, which caused administrative confusion

What does Loades say about Mary’s privy council?

a facade of consultation masking a very narrow inner circle

What issue arose with the death of Gardiner?

provided experience and was a key moderate advisor that was removed

What does Haigh say about the death of Gardiner?

Gardiner’s death robbed her of the one man able to bridge crown and council

What does Guy say about the inner council?

The system worked because Mary trusted competence not faction

How was the size of the privy council negated?

decision making was concentrated in a small inner circle of trusted figures such as Gardiner, Renard and Paget who enabled relatively effective administration

What does Edward’s say about Mary’s governance?

Mary showed Prudence not subservience

What is an example of Mary’s ability to constitutionally compromise?

the Spanish marriage treaty (1554)

What does Haigh say about parliament’s nature?

Parliament was compliant, though Seldom enthusiastic

Overall what is the relationship with parliament like?

usually cooperative with modest opposition

What did Wyatt’s rebellion show?

exposed limits of loyalty with the politial nation and distrust towards her marriage policy

What does Loades say about Wyatt?

the rebellion revealed the crisis in confidence in the Queen’s judgement

What evidence is there for the resistance to a full return to catholicism?

wont give monastic lands back

What does Duffy say about monastic lands?

Even loyal catholics feared for their title deeds

What does Loades say about mary’s finances?

She consildated rather than reformed Tudor government

What did Dickens say about the burnings?

The burnings turned law into theatre

What happened to ordianry courts?

cotinued to function despite religious persecution

Whaat does Loades say about the dullness of the regime?

The marian regime could govern but not inspire

Why were some JPS replaced?

replaced for Protestant sympathies, narrowing the base of local government and risking alienation of moderate gentry

Why were some worried about foreign intervention?

due to the prevelance of spanish ambassadors and the reliance on Renard

What does Doran say about foreign intervention?

The queen listened too much to spain and too little to England

How was an atmosphere of mistrust created at court?

emotional temperant of Mary and suspicion of reformers

What does Haigh say aout Mary’s religion and politics?

Her piety sometimes clouded her politics

What was Mary;s personal diligence like?

strong, attending council meetings amd reading stste papers shows a monarch deeply engaged in governance

What does Guy say about Mary’s diligence?

She worked harder at being a Queen than any Tudor except her father

What does the continuity of the Privy Council in Elizabeth’s regime show?

demonstrates instiutional stability

What does Loades say about the Longevity of the council?

The Marian council was no failed experiment - it endured

What did the Paget Gardiner rivalry cause?

played out in the council and spilled into parliament causing instability

How was Mary’s use of the Privy Council register different to Edward?

more regularised and formalised, improving bureucratic record keeping

What does Houlbrooke say about the Privy Council register?

Her council machinery worked with quiet efficiency

What did the recoinage plans of 1556 show?

long term financial foresight, even if Mary died before its completion

What does Guy say about Mary’s finances?

The marian treasury showed more relaism than its reputation allows

What does loades say about her Navy?

her naval policy laid the foundations of Elizabeth’s navy

Which administrative reforms showed her effeciency and attention to defence?

revising naval finances, strengthening customs, updating militia lists (1557)

What does Pollard say about the loss of Calais?

Calais was the price of PSain’s friendship and Mary’s misfortunes

What did the loss of calais cause?

undermined domestic confidence and weakened government prestige

WHat does Haigh say about lower level governance?

At a county level, order survived the storm of religion

WHose authority did Mary maintain?

JPs and Sheriffs

What two regional councils continued to enforce government policy?

Marches and the north

What does edwards say about Mary’s regional control?

Mary ruled the provinces with steday inherited hands

How is limited confidence in Mary’s decisions showcased?

the commons petitioned her to unsuccesfully marry within the realm

WHat does Haigh say about Parliament’s caution?

Parliament’s caution masked its fear of being ignored

What is the traditional view of Mary’s government?

Mary had a poor relationship with parliament, especially the commons over religion and marriage

Wat is Elton’s view on Mary’s government?

she doesnt get on with government due to disputes over religion and marriage

What evidence is there that Mary did get on with parliament?

passed lots of legislation

What si the revisionist view of Mary’s government?

did get on, Parliament met more frequently and legislated more under Mart than in the reign of edward

How did Mary follow henry VIII’s league in governance?

discussing with and gettin support of Parliament in religion, marriage and war with France

What is interesting about Mary speaking ti parliament about going to war?

she doesnt have to, as its the royal perogrative but does anyway

Why was the bill confiscatibg the lands of exiled Protestants not passed?

gentry and nobles dont want to risk losing their land

What did Mary and parliament clash over the most?

the return of the monastic lands, which are never fully restored, eg 3rd Parliament would not agree to a bill reconciling England to Rome unless she agreed monastic lands would not be touched

Why is parliament so worried about monastic lands?

gentry sit here, gentry own all the monstic land

When did the HOC and the HOL work together?

work together to curtail Philips power in England and Mary’s desire to exclude Elizabeth from the succession

WHat is an example of Mary working with parliament on social and economic issues?

Retail and traders act and Woolen cloth act

Why did Parlaiment often work better over social issues?

less contencious

Wat compromises did Mary and Parliament make?

Mary compromises over coronaion of Philip

How many opposed the reversal of edward’s religious legislation, why?

a substantial minority (80) mostly over property rights

What is interesting about the opposition?

not outwardly protestanrt, instead just focus on slowing things down or blocking them

What is the focus of Mary’s first parliament?

religion and legitimacy of reign

What were the successes fo Mary’s first parliament?

divorce of Catherine was annulled to establish legitimay of Mary (1534 act repealed) treason laws of 1549 and 1552 repealed, two acts of uniformity passed to remove prior relig changes

What do the two acts of uniformity concern?

election of bishops, marriage of priests, removal of images nd keeping of festivals

How amny voted against repealeing eds legs?

80 out of 359

When is Mary’s first parliament, what is important about this date?

November 1553 (pre marriage treaty)

How is henry’s will relevant to Mary’s first parliament?

his will put Mary into the line fo succession but doesnt repeal the 1534 act, Mary does this now

How is Elizabeth relevant to the first parliament?

still a bastard as otherwise she may become a threat and this would make Mary a bastard

How many voted for the acts of repeals?

279

Where is England in terms of religion after the first parliament?

national catholicism

What were the failures of Mary’s first parliament?

parliament refused revival of Papal power and declined her longing to dispense with her title of Supreme head (no papal supremacy

refused to restorre church lands

refused to attach a penalty for people failing to attend catholic mass during church services (mary wans them fined)

both houses of parliament petitioned the Queen requesting her to marry and Englishman. She refused (blamed on Gardiner)

When is Mary’s second parliament?

April 1554

What is the focus of Mary’s second parliament?

Religion

WHy is Gardiner pushing for religion at the second parliament?

to get back into favour

What recent events influenced the second parliament?

Wyatts rebellion, marriage arranged

What is Gardiner trying to push in the second parliament?

a raft of religious changes, including religion, papal authority, secularised lands and succession

Who opposes Gardiner in the second parliament?

Paget

What were the successes of the second parliament?

ratification of Mary’s marriage to Philip passed through smoothly, restoration of bishopric of Durham passed by 201 votes to 120

What were the failures in the second parliament?

15 bills failed to get to the Lords in April as Paget rebelled - very unusual

Marys proposed heresy bills were defeated, designed to stop people speaking out against Catholicism

What does Gardiner say about Mary’s council?

No tudor Monarch had a more disunited council

What was the Privy Chmaber like under Mary?

not the centre of gove and has no influence over her as they were simply the wives of ministers that work for her would try to persuade her but that is the only influence they exerted

Who was in the Privy Chamber?

women who had little influence, they were her friends and servants

What does Mary never attend?

any privy meetings

When does Mary follow her own opinion?

marriage

When was Mary’s third Parliament?

November 1554

What was the focus of Mary’s third parliament?

religion

What prior events influenced the third parliament?

marriage had occcured, Philip in Enland and Mary reportedly pregnant, stage is set for the return to Rome

WHat is different about the behaviour of the lords in the third parliament?

As religious change appeared inevitable many members began to stay away rather than fight for change, almost a quarter of all eligible peers stayed away from the entire session of the Lord’s, 106 ommons members absent in January, 60 political absentees and 29 fined

What were the successes of the third parliament?

parliament agreed on reunion with Rome, heresy bill passed after failing previous parliament

What were the failures of the third parliament?

Parliament fialed to back the return of Ch lands, only agreed on reunion if could keep the lands, Pole is dismayed by this

What did the asenteeism at the third parliament allow?

could pass the second act of repeals

When is Mary’s fourth parliament?

1555

How does the death of gardiner influence the fourth parliament?

less factional struggless, less heated environment but a greater willingness to rebel

When does gardiner die?

three weeks after the fourth parliament opens

What were the successes of the fourth parliament?

repeal of antipapal legislation from HVIII, bill to return fruits and tenths passws but only at 193 votes to 126

What are the failures of the fourth parliament?

a bill to allow tthe seizure of exiled prot lands doesnt pass

When is Mary’s fifth parliament?

1558

What is the focus of the fifth parliament?

War and taxation

What events influenced the fifth parliament?

war against France, 1558 sees the loss of calais, summoned to deal with this

What are the successes of the fifth parliament?

Lords and commons united to increase taxes for the defence fo the realms

act for the taking of the musters obliged every section of society to contribute men, horses and equipment at a local level for military use

Act fir the horse armours and weapons reorganised military equipment to make provisions for more modern weapons

What does Guy say about the defensive changes?

landmark in military organisation

Who was Gardiner?

Was henry VIII’s secretary and a steadfast upholder of religious conservativism, was imprisoned under edward

Who were Mary’s councillors?

churchmen who had been excluded under Edward and more conservative councillors who had served under edward (eg PAget)

Who was MAry’s working council dominated by?

gardiner and Paget