Cardiovascular Diseases of Dogs and Cats

arteries flow blood ______ from the heart

away

Veins flow blood __________ from the heart

towards

what is the difference between diastole and systole

diastole is relaxation and filling of ventricles

systole is contraction and emptying of ventricles

how are the heart sounds created

opening and closing of the valves in the heart

where is the heart best heard

apical impulse

where can you feel the apical impulse

left side of thorax

what valves do you hear on left side

pulmonary valve

arteriole valve

mitral valve

what valves do you hear on the right side

tricuspid valve

where is the best place to hear a cat's heart

sternal borders

common abnormal heart sounds

heart murmurs

what do heart murmurs indicate

underlying heart disease

what kind of murmurs do cats have

functional murmurs which are caused by stress

what is a pro-BNP test

test that looks for heart muscle damage

what is a heart murmer

turblent blood flow in which blood is moving in multiple directions

what does turbulent blood flow cause

vibrations heard on a stethascope

what are heart murmurs based on

location, timing and loudness

what are heart murmurs based on for grading

loudness only

how many grades are there for heart murmurs

1-6 with 6 being the worst

what is mitral valve degeneration (MVD) in general

most common cardiac disease

physically what is mitral valve degeneration

degeneration of the connective tissue of the mitral valve leading to heart disease

the mitral valve is regurgitated which leads to cardiac overload

what can mitral valve degeneration eventually lead to

congestive heart failure

when do you see mitral valve degeneration

older aged animals

increases with age

breeds effected by mitral valve degeneration

small breeds

cavalier king charles spaniels

papillons

yorkies

dachshunds

clinical signs of mitral valve degeneration

left sided apical systolic murmur

diagnosis of mitral valve degeneration

auscultation

radiographs with L atrial enlargement

echocardiogram

treatment for mitral valve degeneration

for less severe - just monitor

pimobendan - positive inotrope that helps pump the blood more efficiently

what is dialed cardiomyopathy (DCM)

when there is an impaired, weakened systolic function of one or both ventricles

what is dialed cardiomyopathy associated with

certain diets

dogs - grain free

cats - taurine deficiency

when do you see dialed cardiomyopathy

mostly in dogs

adults 4-10

more males than females

breeds effected by dialed cardiomyopathy

Dobermans

irish wolfhounds

great dane

what is the anatomy present with a dog who has dialed cardiomyopathy

enlarged chambers of the heart especially in the ventricles and thinned walls/septum

clinical signs of dialed cardiomyopathy

often without any

cardiac arrhythmias

syncope - temporary loss of consciousness

diagnosis of dialed cardiomyopathy

radiographs

electrocardiogram

echocardiogram

treatment for dialed cardiomyopathy

antiarrhythmics

pimobenodan

ACE inhibitors

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

heart disease characterized by increased ventricular wall thickness often in left ventricle

when do you see hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

in older cats

what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy lead to increased risks of

thromboembolism

(feline arteriothrombembolism and saddle thrombus)

clinical signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

often none

systolic murmur

arrhythmias

diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Pro-BNP

echocardiogram

ECG

Radiographs

treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

ACE inhibitors

clopidogrel - platelet aggregation inhibitor

what is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

an arterial shunt between the aorta and pulmonary artery that is present in fetuses but should constrict and close 24 hrs after birth

where is Patent Ductus Arteriosus most common

in dogs especially young

breeds effected by Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Maltese, Pomeranian, shetland sheepdog, colie

clinical signs of Patent Ductus Arteriosus

continuous heart murmur

exercise intolerance

failure to thrive

diagnosis of Patent Ductus Arteriosus

radiographs

echocardiogram

treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus

surgery

- PDA closure with duct occluder is most common

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)

sudden onset of clinical signs associated with pulmonary edema or cavitary effusions due to pre existing heart disease

why does congestive heart failure occur

pressure within the veins and capillaries draining into the deceased side of the heart increase to the point where the vessels start to leak

what is right sided congestive heart failure

ascites present

pleural effusion present

what is left sided congestive heart failure

pulmonary edema present

clinical signs of all congestive heart failures

tachypnea

dyspnea

cough (ESP IN DOGS)

pulmonary crackles

heart murmurs

diagnosis of congestive heart failure

radiographs

- right sided has decreased serosal detail

- left sides has pulmonary edema in perihilar region

treatment for congestive heart failure

fursemide - left sided only

oxygen therapy

ACE inhibitors