kinesiology anatomy unit:)

im gonna slay

muscle tissue

collection of cells that shorten during contraction and in doing so create tension that results in movement

Atapose tissue is what

fat

4 functions of muscle tissue

1. Motion

2. Support

3. Heat

4. Movement

1. Motion

Alternating contraction and relaxation of Muscles

2. Support

For skeleton and organs

3. Heat

85% of all body heat is generated by skeletal muscle during contraction

4. Movement of substances within body

cardiac muscle (blood), smooth (digestive), skeletal (venus blood return)

3 types of muscle tissue

1. Smooth

2. Cardiac 

3. Skeletal

Smooth Muscle Tissue

1. Involuntary (controlled by autonomic nervous system)

2. Dense sheets - not striated 

3. Contracts more slowly 

4. Found in walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, stomach, intestines)

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary (controlled by autonomic nervous system)

• Found only in heart 

• Creates contractions of heart

• Striated or striped in appearance 

Skeletal Muscle Tissue 

• Voluntary - can be made to contract/relax by conscious control 

• Striated or striped in appearance 

• Most prevalent type of muscle tissue in body

• Attached primarily to bones - some do attach to skin

5 characteristics of muscle tissue

1. Excitability/Irritability - able to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals/action potentials/impulses

2. Conductivity - able to conduct or propagate impulses along plasma membrane 

3. Contractility - Ability of the muscle tissue to shorten and thicken (contract), thus generating force to do work 

4. Extensibility - can be extended/stretched without damage

5. Elasticity - Return to original shape after contraction or extension

Agonist and Antagonistic Pais 

• Skeletal muscle are arranged in opposing pairs 

• Muscles can only contact = the help of other muscle is required to allow the bone to move 

• Agonist primarily responsible for movement (contracts), antagonist relaxes/lengthens (does not contract)

Indirect: Attachment via tendon 

Direct: muscle flesh attached to bone

Origin

Where it starts on axial skeleton or closer to midline (usually stays fixed)

Insertion

• point where muscle attaches to the bone that moves the most, usually moves towards the origin immovable/less movable muscle 

Tyoes of Muscle Contraction

1. Concentric - muscle fibers shorten

2. Eccentric Muscle fibers lengthen/stretch while contracting 

3. Isometric: Muscle fibers maintain constant length throughout 

2 Types of exercise

Isotonic Exercise: Controlled shortening (concentric) and controlled lengthening (eccentric)

Isometric exercise: Muscle fibers maintain constant length throughout (Plank)

Muscle strains and tears

• Caused by excessive twisting or pulling on a muscle or tendon 

• Acute strain - one-time injury of a sport/activity 

• Chronic strain - Prolonged overuse and repetitive movement - classified as 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree

DOMS

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

• Caused by microscopic tearing of muscle 

• New or intense exercise 

• Help: Move around to get rid of lactic Acid 

• Felt 1st 24hr, peaks in 24-72hrs and goes way in 5-7 days 

Tendonitis 

• Overuse injury 

• tendon to become irritated 

• Avoided/reduced with warm up, correct technique, etc

Bruise

• Ice 1st 24hr to restrict blood flow

• Heat after to bring back blood to help heal

Sternocleidomastoid (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Sternum and Clavicle

Insertion: Mastoid Process (behind ear)

Function: Flexes head from side to side and rotates it

Rectus Abdominis (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Pubic Crest and Symphysis Pubis 

Insertion: Xiphoid process and inferior Ribs 

Function: Not only to flex trunk, but also aids in functions such as breathing out, expelling waste and childbirth

Pectoralis Major (origin, insertion and function)

Origin:

Upper Part - Clavicle

Lower Portion - Sternum, Costal cartilage of 1st to 6th ribs and abdominal portion from external oblique

Insertion: Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove on humerous

Function: Allows internal rotation and flexion of arm 

Latissimus Dorsi (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Lumbar and lower half of the thoracic vertebrae, illiac rest and sacrum below

Insertion: On humerous in the floor of the intertubercular grove (under pectoralis major muscle tendon)

Function: Adductor, extensor and internal rotator of the arm

Deltoid (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

Insertion: Humerous (specifically deltoid tuberosity)

Function: Anterior head flexes and medially rotates the shoulder joint. Lateral head abducts arm. Posterior head extends and laterally rotates arm 

Biceps Branchii (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Short head originates at the tip of the coracoid process 

Long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle 

Insertion: Radius (specifically radia tuberostiy)

Function: Powerful supinator of forearm, and once supinated biceps branchii acts to flex the elbow

Triceps Branchii (origin, insertion and function)

Origin:

Lateral head - Posterior aspect of humerous, tubercle of scapula

Medical heal - posterior aspect of humerous distal to lateral head 

Insertion: Upper part of ulna (olecranon)

Function:Works antagonistically with biceps branchii and is the main extensor of arm 

Gluteus Maximus (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Crest of illium, sacrum and coccyx 

Insertion: Posterior aspect of greater trochanter of femur and the iliotibial tract 

Function: Hip extension. and internal rotation

Rectus Femoris (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Anterior inferior Iliac spine 

Insertion: All quadriceps muscle joins at a common tendon (patellar tendon), wraps around patella and finally inserts on the tibial tuberosity of tibia 

Function: Knee extension and hip flexion

Biceps Femoris (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Ishial tuberosity

Insertion: Head of fibula 

Function: Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee - acts to externally rotate flexed knee 

Gastrocnemius (origin, insertion and function)

Origin: Lateral and medial head that originates from lateral and medial condyles of femur 

Insertion: Calcaneous 

Function: Flexes ankle and knee

Tendon

Connects Skeletal Muscle to Bone

Muscle

The organ, made up of fascicles 

Perimysium 

Connective tissue that sheat that surrounds each fascicle 

Epimysium

Connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle 

Fascicle

A bundle of muscle fibers

Muscle Fibers

Muscle cell, made up of many myofibrils

Endomysium

Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber 

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane around each muscle fiber

Myofibril

Long proteins that make up each muscle fiber

Sarcomere

Line up to form myofibrils - where contraction occurs 

Myofilaments

Make up sarcomeres. Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)

Smallest Functional unit of contraction

Muscles always _____ not ______

pull, push

Muscles must shorten to contract but…..

Thick and thin filaments themselves do not shorten 

Activities more than 90 minutes need

Water

Acitivites less than 90 need

sports drinks

What is the best after a workout

Chocolate milk

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

• Red or dark in colour 

• Generates tension slowly but can maintain tension for long durations 

• Not good for instant energy

• High in myoglobin 

• Good for long distance running, cycling and swimming 

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

• More pale in colour

• Can tense and relax quickly 

• Can generate large amounts of tension but low endurance 

• Good for quick energy 

• Low in myoglobin 

• Good for fast activities - such as sprinting, powerlifting and explosive jumping 

Myoglobin

Protein that delivers oxygen to working muscle

3 types of muscle fibers

• Type 1: Slow oxidative (SO)

• Type 2A: Fast Oxidative (FOG)

• Type 2B: Fast Glycolytic (FG)

Type 1: Slow Oxidative (SO)

• Slow twitch 

• Small and red 

• small amount of force and speed 

• High fatigue resistance - allow to be active for long period of time 

• Used during low intensity activity (walking, aerobics) 

• Also activites in long distances 

Type 2A: Fast Oxidative (FOG) - can be trained

• Red but intermediate in size 

• Allow for high speed energy release

• Glycolutic capacity (able to produce energy from glucose) 

• Anaerobic short distance activity (mile run, short-distance swimming and cycling)

Type 2B: Fast Glycolytic (FG)

• Store lot of glycogen and high levels of enzymes for quick contraction without oxygen 

• White in colour due to low O2 capcity 

• Low fatigue resistant (Weightlifting, sprinting)

ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate

• Common energy for all living things 

• Used for several cellular processes 

• Used quickly when in high demand 

metabolism

Amount of energy you need to live

What do you need energy for?

• Walking 

• Running

• Studying 

• ETC

Muscle is hungry

More you exercise, more food your body needs

Energy Systems

1. Aerobic: With O2

• Fats and proteins can be used as energy 

• Long-term endurance 

• Occurs overtime (3+ minutes) 

2. Anaerobic

• Occurs quickly (3 min or less)

• Used for powerful but short-lived physical actions (sprinting) 

3 Metabolic Pathways

1. ATP-PC

2. Glycolysis

3. Cellular Respiration

1. ATP-PC (alternate name, uses oxygen?, energy sources, # of ATP produced, duration of activity, # of chemical reactions, by products, types of activities, characteristic of activities, advantages, limitations, and recovery time)

• Anaerobic Alactic 

• Does not use O2

• Energy source is phosphocreatine 

• Yields 1 ATP

• Duration is 10-15s

• 1-2 chemical reactions 

• By-product is heat (hot and sweaty) 

• Types of activity: sprinting, power events (lympic weightlifting)

• Power surge characteristics 

• Adv: Fast system (takes place quickly) 

• No disadv 

• Recovery time 2-5 minutes

2. Glycolysis (alternate name, uses oxygen?, energy sources, # of ATP produced, duration of activity, # of chemical reactions, by products, types of activities, characteristic of activities, advantages, limitations, and recovery time)

• Anaerobic lactic 

• Does not use O2

• Energy source is glycogen

• Yields 2 ATP

• Duration is 30-40s - but can be 1-3 minutes

• 11 chemical reactions 

• By-product is lactic acid

• Types of activity: 300-400m race, hockey shift

• Piliminary characteristics 

• Adv: Quick surge of energy  

• Disadv: Burning sensation

• Recovery time 30-60 min of exercise recovery (burn to get lactic acid out), 1 min rest recovery

Lactic acid

Lactic acid threshold = point at which body starts to produce lactic acid b/c not enough O2 for full breakdown of glucose

3. Cellular Respiration (alternate name, uses oxygen?, energy sources, # of ATP produced, duration of activity, # of chemical reactions, by products, types of activities, characteristic of activities, advantages, limitations, and recovery time)

• Aerobic

• Uses O2

• Energy source: glycogen and fats

• 36 ATP molecules

• 3+ minute duration

• Byproducts: Water (sweat), CO2 (breathe)

• Types of activity: Running, swimming, soccer, bball 

• Prolonged Activity

• Adv: Long duration 

• No limitation 

• Recovery time: 24 to 48 hours 

SR

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The nervous system (about)

• Bodys ways of getting information about its internal and external conditions 

• Assembles and analyzes information and indicates a response (if required)

Nervous system subcatagorizes as

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Central Nervous system

Brain: Main control center

Spinal cord: Pathway for connecting brain to the CNS 

Peripheral nervous system 

Network of nerves around brain and spinal cord

PNS subcategorizes as

Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous system

ANS subcategorizes as

Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic Nervous system

ANS

Involuntary

Sympathetic

• Prepares body for emergencies

• Localized body adjustments (sweating, cardiovascular changes) 

• Flight-Fight-Freeze response 

Parasympathetic 

Returns body after normal after altered by sympathetic system 

Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary

What are the 2 nerve fibers

Afferent and Efferent

Afferent nerve fibers

Send information to CNS

Receives and processes information from receptors in skin and delivers it to CNS 

burning hand - afferent takes the receptors and delivers message to CNS 

Efferent Nerve

Send instructions from CNS to skeletal muscle 

ex. CNS says “take your hand away” so skeletal muscle can carry out the message 

Reflexes

Quick Responses to painful situations or the threat of a painful situation

Autonomic Reflexes 

Activation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Somatic Reflexes 

Stimulations of skeletal muscle by somatic division 

Includes stretch, reflex and withdrawal reflex

Reflex Arc (Simple Circuit)

1. Receptor - Receives initial stimulus 

2. Sensory Nerve - Afferent nerve carries out impulses to spinal column 

3. Intermediate Nerve - “Adjustor/Bouncer”, interprests the signal and issue appropriate responses 

4. Motor Nerve - Efferent nerve fibers, carries the response message from spinal cord to muscle or organ 

5. Effector Organ - carries out the response 

When you aquire a new skill, ______ are formed within your ______

bridged (synaps), brain

Proprioceptors

Specialized receptors that tell body how to respond/move to activities

Tendon organs and muscle spindles provide most of the senseory feedback 

Stretch Reflex

• Simple spinal reflex

• DOES NOT include the brain 

• Monosynaptic (one connection between primarily afferent fibers and motor neurons) 

Polysynaptic Reflexes

• One or more interneurons btween primary sensory fibers and the motor neurons 

• More interactions = more complex and slower the reflex behaviour

• DOES NOT go to the brain

Withdrawl Reflex

• Withdrawl body part from painful stimulus

• Impulse from sensory neuron to motor neuron through a connecting interneuron in the SC

• Still very fact 

Crossed Extensor Reflex

• More complex, multiple synapses and muscle group

• Automatic compensation on other side of body

Heart

Specialized muscle tissue (aka cardiac muscle/mycardium)

Size of closed fist 

Double pump, divided on right and left sections 

Seperated by the interventricular septum 

4 seperate chambers 

Right

• Pump deoxygenated blood

Left

• Pumps deoxygenated blood

Heart is in a space called 

Mediastinum 

Enclosed in a membrane called

Pericardium

Arterie

Takes oxygenated blood away from heart

Capillaries

Transfer between vein and arterie, low pressure

• Oxygenated and deoxygenated 

• One cell thick 

Veins

Deoxygenated blood to heart

Pulmonary arterie carries

deoxygenated blood to lungs

Pulmonary vein carries

oxygenated blood back to the heart

SA node

sinoartrial node

• wall of the right atrium 

• sets rhythm of contraction 

• known as the pacemaker