Cognition and Decision Making Final - Robinson

Descriptive

"Most people say the restrictions that have been imposed over the course of the pandemic were about right or that there should have been more restrictions."

5 cents

A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total.

The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball.

How much does the ball cost?

rule-based

Some early dual-process theories that focused on style of processing held that type 2 processes are slow because they are:

feelings of rightness

Thompson, Prowse Turner, & Pennycook (2011) show that fluency of an intuitive answer results in varying degrees of:

People are sometimes able to report accurately about their cognitive processes.

In their famous 1977 paper "Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes", Nisbett & Wilson claim that:

False

In the lecture on Thursday, we watched a video interview with Valerie Thompson about her work on feelings of correctness:

humorous/cat posters

Wilson et al. found that participants who described why they liked or disliked each poster (analyzed reasons) liked which posters more:

2010

In a comment left in a blog, apparently authored by Ap Dijksterhuis, it is claimed that a lot of studies before which date should be treated with caution:

Declarative memory

"Semantic memory" is another name for:

Unimodel

Gigerenzer proposed a:

The adaptive toolbox approach

The fast-and-frugal approach to judgment and decision making is also known as:

rates either the conjunction or a conjunct (but not both)

For indirect tests of the Linda task, each participant:

Made the conjunction fallacy

When asked to place bets, the majority of participants in the Linda task:

Yes

Can the degree of support a piece of evidence gives X be greater than the degree of support it gives Y, even if X is a proper subset of Y and thus P(X) < P(Y)?

Daniel Kahneman

In the video we watched on Thursday, a person describes the anchoring effect using German cars as an example. The person was:

Are distinct

I suggested that stereotyping and the representativeness heuristic:

A real-estate company.

Robert Cialdini learned about real-world effects of the contrast principle when he went undercover at:

Anchoring

In Kahneman's later work, which is not considered a heuristic?

Has type 1 and type 2 versions

Kahneman thinks that anchoring-and-adjustment:

Kahneman

Fischhoff was taught by:

The Yom Kippur War

The historical background for the introduction of hindsight bias was:

Replicated

The 1975 study by Fischhoff:

memory account

SARA is an example of a:

prospective hindsight

Premortem utilizes:

Rain

We discussed the meaning of probability in relation to which weather event:

risk

If I know the probabilities associated with relevant future outcomes, my decision is a decision under:

Absolute risks

Gigerenzer thinks that we should present information in terms of:

Radically overestimated the probability that a person had breast cancer, given a positive test.

Eddy (1982) found that 95% of physicians:

true

According to expected utility theory, preferences should be transitive:

bounded rationality

Herbert Simon wanted a theory of:

A default rule

Which is a nudge?

cognitive neuroscience

Maya Shankar has a PhD in:

pedestrians crossing the street

In our recap of nudges, we debated a video about:

fruit flies

Kahneman compares simple gambles to:

magician

We watched a BBC video about framing effects. The person in the video was a:

mouthwash

In the health messaging study we looked at, participants were told about the benefits of using:

risk-seeking behavior

Loss framing (with moderate to large probabilities) leads to:

True

A script is a type of schema

balloons

We illustrated schemas with a story about:

Intelligence is a fixed trait.

According to entity theory:

Consistent with the story model

The cognitive consistency model is:

a perfect sphere

Aristotelians thought that the moon is:

myside bias

The tendency to find arguments that defend one's position or refuting a position one disagrees with is known as:

true

Myside bias is a form of confirmation bias.

attitude polarization measured directly

In studies of biased assimilation, the evidence is mixed for:

a shuttle launch

To illustrate groupthink, we watched a video and discussed:

the mean

In Galton's study of estimates of the weight of an ox, which was more accurate:

Dictator

Sniezek found that which technique was best?

cognitive diversity

Surowiecki thinks that wise crowds need to have:

politicothink

Kramer argues that the cases analyzed by Janis are examples of:

1/3

DePaulo et al (1996) found that college students reported lying in approximately how many of their social interactions?

7%

Markowitz & Hancock (2018) found that between matching on dating apps and meeting, how many percentage of messages were untrue?

Wag-the-other-dog's-tail illusion

According to Haidt, we mistakenly believe that we can change another person's mind on a moral issue by pointing out why their reasoning is unsound. He calls this the:

Nice

Axelrod (1984) tested strategies in a series of repeated-play prisoner's dilemma games.

"Nice" rules begin by cooperating.

"Nasty" rules begin by defecting.

Which kind of rule won?

the outside view

Reference-class forecasting is also known as:

the decision-making process

Lovallo, D., & Sibony, O. (2010) found that which mattered more for decision outcomes:

decision meetings

Lovallo, D., & Sibony, O. (2010) suggest that uncertainty and dissent should be encouraged in:

75%

Lovallo, D., & Kahneman, D. (2003) claim that approximately what percentage of mergers and acquisitions never pay off:

only one study found significant advantages for unconscious thoughts

Newell and rakow found that:

Natural Frequencies

People find it difficult to intuitively understand Bayes' Theorem and should instead be trained to use: