Rethinking Democratization in the Philippines by Temario Rivera

Modus Vivendi

Latin phrase that literally means "way of living." Rivera uses ______ to describe the informal agreement or compromise that allowed both the elites from the Marcos dictatorship and the anti-Marcos elites to participate in the transition government.

Credible electoral exercises

Both procedural and substantive approaches to democracy agree that ______ are necessary conditions for the initiation and maintenance of democratic regimes.

Commission on Elections

The constitutional body that oversees and implements all laws and policies related to the conduct of elections.

Miranda's Modification to the Definition of Democracy

"As a system of governance, it demonstrably promotes—however slowly or gradually, even allowing for occasional, temporary reverses—a progressively human quality of life for its citizens within fifty years of a regime's formal democratic initiation."

Procedural Democracy

Free and fair elections.

Strong economic conditions

There exist strong comparative empirical findings that democratic regimes are best sustained by?

Non-democratic Oligarchy

Miranda concludes that the Philippines is better described as?

Ilustrados

It means "Educated Elites."

Modernization Theory

Assumes the breakdown of traditional and particularistic anchors of social coherence and loyalties such as the family, village, and tribe, and the growth of "nation-states" and democracy.

Vertical Accountability

Elections constitutes the process of "______" when citizens are enabled to choose their officials in "free, fair, and competitive" contests.

Political Parties

It is the most important agents of political representation in modern democracies.

Delegative Democracy

Where the executive is granted excessive authority, often bypassing institutional checks, which can weaken democratic governance.

Selectorate Theory

The smaller the winning coalition of the winning candidate, the greater is the likelihood that the incumbent will use private goods to maintain the coalition.